Chemistry Review – Atoms & Molecules: Covalent Bonds

What is the mass number of this atom?

ANSWER:

Get Ready for A&P Video Tutor: Atomic Structure

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Watch the Video Tutor on Atomic Structure and then answer the questions below.

Part A

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom?

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ANSWER:

neutrons only

electrons only

protons and electrons

protons and neutrons

Part B

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom’s mass number but not its atomic number?

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ANSWER:

neutrons

None of them—atomic number and atomic mass number are essentially the same thing.

protons

electrons

Part C

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?

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ANSWER:

8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons

The atomic number and the mass number do not provide enough information to determine how many of each subatomic particle is present.

26 total subatomic particles

True/False Question 2.108

Part A

Energy is released when ATP is broken down into ADP.

ANSWER:

True

False

Chemistry Review – Atoms & Molecules: Covalent Bonds

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Review the Covalent Bonds tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

Covalent bonds hold atoms together because they …

ANSWER:

(a) fill shells without giving atoms much charge.

(b) bring electrons closer to protons.

do all of the above.

do both (a) and (b).

Part B

In molecules, C, H, O, and N atoms usually make __, __, __, and __ bonds respectively.

ANSWER

3, 2, 1, 4

3, 2, 4, 2

4, 1, 2, 3

4, 1, 3, 2

2, 1, 3, 4

Part C

An atom’s atomic number is 7. Its valence is most likely …

ANSWER:

Part D

By making two covalent bonds, an O atom (with 8 protons) fills its valence shell. Why does the atom’s charge stay close to zero?

ANSWER:

The atom lost electrons from other shells.

The valence shell has 6 electrons.

Shared electrons aren’t always near oxygen.

The atom has 8 electrons.

The charge isn’t near zero; it’s -2.

Part E

In a double covalent bond, a carbon atom shares …

ANSWER:

electrons in two orbitals.

electrons in two of its shells.

two electrons.

both valence and nonvalence electrons.

None of the above.

Part F

The ammonia molecule in the diagram has the observed bond orientation because … There is a ball-and-stick model of ammonia, NH3. Three hydrogen atoms are attached to nitrogen.

ANSWER:

N has four pairs of electrons in the valence shell.

N has 7 protons in its nucleus.

electrons repel one another.

All of the above.

None of the above.

Part G

Without making or breaking bonds, the pictured molecule can change its shape because … There is a ball-and-stick model of NH2CH2CH2OH.

ANSWER:

some atoms make longer bonds than others.

proximity of other atoms alters bond angles.

rotation can occur around single bonds.

electrons can move from one bond to another.

None of the above.

Part H

Two C atoms form a double bond. Each C is bound to two H atoms. Which statement is true?

ANSWER:

The bonds orient in a tetrahedral fashion.

All the atoms lie in a line.

The bonds orient like tripods or pyramids.

The groups rotate around the C=C bond.

All the atoms lie in a plane.

Part I

Partial charges occur when …

ANSWER:

(a) a covalent bond links atoms of two kinds.

(b) atoms share electrons unequally.

any of the above occur.

both (a) and (b).

Part J

To fill the valence shell, an electrically neutral, unbonded atom with atomic number 8 must add …

ANSWER:

8 electrons.

1 electron.

3 electrons.

2 electrons.

Can’t tell without knowing which element it is.

Part K

Which answer helps to explain why carbon atoms tend to make 4 covalent bonds?

ANSWER:

The first electron shell has 4 orbitals.

The carbon nucleus has 4 protons.

The valence shell needs 8 electrons.

All of the above.

None of the above; carbon makes 3 covalent bonds.

Part L

An electrically neutral molecule has the formula C3H4O2N. If the carbon atoms form the usual number of bonds, how many covalent bonds will each hydrogen atom have with other atoms in the molecule?

ANSWER:

Concept Boost Reading Questions Chapter 2 Question 1

Part A

C2H8 is a(n) __________.

ANSWER:

nonpolar covalent molecule

nonpolar ionic molecule

ionic compound

polar covalent molecule

Get ready for A&P Video Tutor: Chemical Bonding Part 2: Ionic Bonds

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Watch the Video Tutor on Ionic bonds and then answer the questions below.

Part A

What is an ion?

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ANSWER:

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom

an atom that has lost one or more neutrons

an atom that loses all of its protons

Part B

When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved?

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ANSWER:

the neutrons

the outermost electrons

the protons

both the protons and the electrons

Part C

How do ions form ionic bonds?

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ANSWER

One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom’s positive protons.

Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.

Two atoms come together to share their electrons.

Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind.

Part D

Calcium’s atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion?

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ANSWER:

–1

–2

Multiple Choice Question 2.18

Part A

Two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically bonded together are known as:

ANSWER:

molecules.

compounds.

macromolecules.

ions.

True/False Question 2.97

Part A

Hydrogen bonds are strong attractions between nonpolar covalent molecules.

ANSWER:

True

False

Art-based Question Chapter 2 Question 5

Part A

Graph with y-axis measuring energy and x-axis measuring the progress of reaction in time. Trace begins at the level of energy of the reactants, then runs upwards to a higher energy of the transition state and then runs downwards to the energy of the products. The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants. The area under the curve that runs from the energy level of the reactants, to the energy level of the transition state is highlighted in pink and designated with a question mark.

Which of the following is the appropriate label for the area with the question mark?

ANSWER

Substrate

Activation energy

Energy released

Enzyme

Chapter 2 Chapter Test Question 6

Part A

A reaction in which the energy of the reactants exceeds the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed is called __________.

ANSWER:

exchange

exergonic

endergonic

anabolic

Chemistry Review – Enzymes & Pathways: Controlling Enzymes

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Review the Controlling Enzymes tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

Which type of control agent never speeds an enzyme’s action?

ANSWER:

Protein kinase

Regulatory protein

Substrate analog

Allosteric effector

None of the above.

Part B

Which type of control agent exerts noncompetitive inhibition?

ANSWER:

(a) Substrate analog

(b) Protein kinase

Both (b) and (c).

(a), (b), and (c).

Part C

In cooperativity, …

ANSWER

two or more enzymes are needed to bind one control agent.

if one substrate is bound, the next binds more easily.

two enzymes cooperate to produce a control agent.

two control agents must bind to affect enzyme action.

two enzymes share a binding site for a control agent.

Part D

Which statement is characteristic of allosteric effectors?

ANSWER:

(a) They bind to the active site.

(b) Covalent bonds attach them to the enzyme.

Both (b) and (c).

(a), (b), and (c).

Part E

When allosteric effector X binds to enzyme #1, the enzyme stops working. Nevertheless, the speed of the reaction can be altered by adjusting the concentration of X. How?

ANSWER:

There are many copies of the enzyme.

When X detaches from an enzyme, the enzyme regains full activity.

X easily escapes from the allosteric site.

All of the above.

None of the above.

Part F

When a pathway is subject to allosteric feedback inhibition, …

ANSWER:

the last enzyme in the pathway is allosteric.

an increase in effector concentration speeds the pathway.

the effector is made by another pathway.

an accumulation of effectors slows the pathway.

the concentration of effectors does not change with time.

Part G

Which statement is true of the control mechanism shown in the animation below?

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ANSWER

It involves substrate analogs.

This is a case of protein kinase action.

It’s a case of competitive inhibition.

It’s often used in feedback control.

The enzyme is an allosteric effector.

Multiple Choice Question 2.28

Part A

In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCl? NaOH + HCl https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/1939794/1/u8594.jpg NaCl + H2O

ANSWER:

reactant

product

water

acid

MyReadinessTest for A&P Video Tutor: Chemical Reactions

Watch the video tutor about chemical reactions, and then answer the questions.

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Part A

Which of the following is a product in the following reaction?

glucose + fructose $\rightarrow$ sucrose + H2O

ANSWER:

fructose

glucose

sucrose

oxygen (O2)

Part B

Examine the following reactions. Which of the following is true about compound C?

Reaction 1

Reaction 2

Reaction 3

Reaction 4

A + B $\rightarrow$

C + D $\rightarrow$

E + F $\rightarrow$

G + H

ANSWER:

Reaction 1

Reaction 2

Reaction 3

Reaction 4

A + B

C + D

E + F

G + H

C is a product for reaction 2 only.

C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2.

C is a reactant for reaction 1 only.

C is the reactant of reaction 1 and a product for reaction 2.

True/False Question 2.100

Part A

The digestion of food is exergonic since chemical bonds are broken and energy is released.

ANSWER:

True

False

Art-based Question Chapter 2 Question 6

Part A

Diagram of pH scale from 0 to 14. There is increasing concentration of hydrogen ions shown as you approach 0. Lemon juice is at 2.5, vinegar is at 3, tomatoes are at 4.5, coffee is at 5, milk is at 6.5, pure water is at 7, blood is at 7.4, baking soda is at 8.5, ammonia is at 11, bleach is at 12.5.

The most acidic substance in the figure is __________.

ANSWER:

lemon juice

milk

pure water

bleach

Chemistry Review – Acids, Bases, & pH: Acids

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Review the Acids tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

A compound is an acid if it …

ANSWER:

contains H.

releases ions into water.

takes H+ from water.

donates H+ to water.

breaks up water molecules.

Part B

In water, every sulfuric acid molecule transfers H+ to water and becomes an HSO4 – ion. Some HSO4 – ions give off another H+ to form SO4 -2 ions. Which statement is true? ${\rm H_{2}SO_{4}}\;\rightarrow\;{\rm H^{+}}\;+\;{\rm HSO_{4}^{-}}\;\rightleftharpoons\;{\rm H^{+}}\;+\;{\rm SO_{4}^{2-}}$

ANSWER:

H2SO4 is a strong acid and HSO4 – is a weak acid.

H2SO4 and HSO4 – are strong acids.

Both H2SO4 and HSO4 – are weak acids.

H2SO4 is an acid; HSO4 – is not an acid.

Part C

In water, phosphoric acid dissociates according to the chemical reactions written below. Which of the following statements about the dissociation of phosphoric acid is true? ${\rm H_{3}PO_{4}}\;\rightleftharpoons\;{\rm H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}\;+\;{\rm H^{+}}$ ${\rm H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}}\;\rightleftharpoons\;{\rm HPO_{4}^{2-}}\;+\;{\rm H^{+}}$ ${\rm HPO_{4}^{2-}}\;\rightleftharpoons\;{\rm PO_{4}^{3-}}\;+\;{\rm H^{+}}$

ANSWER:

In water, phosphoric acid dissociates according to the chemical reactions written below. Which of the following statements about the dissociation of phosphoric acid is true?

H3PO4 is a strong acid and H2PO4 – and HPO4 2- are weak acids.

H3PO4, H2PO4 – and HPO4 2- are all strong acids.

HPO4 2- is a strong acid and H3PO4 and H2PO4 – are weak acids.

H3PO4, H2PO4 – and HPO4 2- are all weak acids.

H2PO4 – is a strong acid and H3PO4 and HPO4 2- are weak acids.

Chemistry Review – Water: The Water Molecule

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Review the The Water Molecule tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

The water molecule has a bent shape because …

ANSWER:

hydrogen atoms attract one another.

covalent bonds are never straight.

oxygen has two unbonded pairs of valence electrons.

hydrogen atoms have a partial negative charge.

None of the above; water molecules are linear.

Part B

Which statement is true of water?

ANSWER:

(a) The O atom in water has a partial positive charge.

(b) The H atoms in water have partial positive charges.

(d) About 50% of the average cell’s mass consists of water.

All of the above except for (a).

Concept Boost Reading Questions Chapter 2 Question 2

Part A

A solution with a hydrogen concentration of 0.0000001 molar has a pH of _____.

ANSWER:

Multiple Choice Question 2.39

Part A

Water is most likely to dissolve a solute that is:

ANSWER:

hydrophilic.

hydrophobic.

a lipid.

nonpolar.

Art-based Question Chapter 2 Question 7

Part A

Diagram represents a reaction in which glucose and fructose (two monosaccharides) are combined to yield sucrose (a disaccharide). The structural formulas of glucose and fructose are shown and an OH on the glucose and H on the fructose are highlighted. A molecule of water is shown leaving as the reaction proceeds.

This reaction is an example of __________.

ANSWER:

This reaction is an example of __________.

catabolic reaction

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

exchange reaction

Chapter 2 Chapter Test Question 13

Part A

Which of the following is NOT a component of amino acids?

ANSWER:

central oxygen atom

amino group

R group

carboxylic acid group

Chemistry Review – Carbohydrates: Functions of Carbohydrates

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Review the Functions of Carbohydrates tutorial.

Then answer the question.

Part A

Polymers that contain sugars …

ANSWER

(a) may store hereditary information.

(b) may store energy.

Both (b) and (c).

(a), (b), and (c).

Chemistry Review – Lipids: Functions of Lipids

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Review the Functions of Lipids tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

ANSWER:

(a) Moderate polarity.

(b) Low solubility in water.

Both (a) and (c).

Both (b) and (c).

Part B

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, “To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids.” What would a good student say?

ANSWER:

Not so. Fats are small enough to travel easily without help.

Sorry, Dr. Haxton! Help comes from cholesterol, not phospholipids.

Right. Fats are too polar to travel alone in water.

You have it backwards. Fats help phospholipids to travel.

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren’t compatible with water.

Chemistry Review – Proteins: Functions of Proteins

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Review the Functions of Proteins tutorial.

Then answer the question.

Part A

Which biological activity does NOT directly involve proteins?

ANSWER:

Breaking food polymers into smaller molecules.

Defending cells against viruses.

Changing the shape of a cell.

Sensing light.

None of the above; proteins are involved in all of them.

Multiple Choice Question 2.57

Part A

Building blocks of organic molecules are known as:

ANSWER:

enzymes.

electrolytes.

polymers.

monomers.

True/False Question 2.107

Part A

Polypeptide chains that contribute to a protein’s quaternary structure each have their own primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.

ANSWER:

True

False

Get Ready for A&P Video Tutor: Chemical Reactions

Launch the video below. https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2234617/1/ChemReact_video4.jpg

Part A

Which of the following is an exchange reaction?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER

$\rm HCl+NaOH\rightarrow NaCl+H_2O$

$\rm C_6H_{12}O_6+C_6H_{12}O_6\rightarrow C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$

hydrolysis

dehydration

Part B

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction?

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ANSWER:

exchange

decomposition

dehydration synthesis

synthesis

Part C

In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called?

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ANSWER:

reactants

products

water

disaccharide

Part D

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes?

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ANSWER:

exchange reactions

synthesis reactions

hydrolysis

Part E

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis?

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ANSWER:

A large molecule is broken down, or splits, to produce salt and water.

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart.

Two smaller molecules separate and reorganize into two new molecules after a water molecule is added to them.

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

Multiple Choice Question 2.1

Part A

Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?

ANSWER

proton

nucleus

electron

neutron

Art-based Question Chapter 2 Question 2

Part A

Diagram of Sodium Chloride. There is a positively charged sodium atom with eleven protons and ten electrons and a negatively charged chloride with 17 protons and 18 electrons. The two charged atoms are in closed proximity to each other.

This is an example of __________.

ANSWER:

nonpolar covalent bond

hydrogen bond

polar covalent bond

ionic bond

Chemistry Review – Acids, Bases, & pH: Bases

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Review the Bases tutorial.

Then answer the questions.

Part A

Ammonia reacts with water as shown below. Which statement best explains why ammonia is considered to be a base?

${\rm NH_{3}}$

$+$

${\rm H_{2}O}$

$\rightleftharpoons$

${\rm NH_{4}^{+}}$

$+$

${\rm OH^{-}}$

Ammonia

Water

Ammonium Ion

Hydroxide Ion

ANSWER:

Ammonia

Water

Ammonium Ion

Hydroxide Ion

NH4 + can donate H+ to hydronium.

Bases are defined as compounds that add OH- to the solution.

Bases are compounds that remove H+ from solutions.

The reaction decreases the amount of water in the solution.

None of the above. Ammonia is not a base.

Part B

Which of the following can be considered bases?

ANSWER:

(a) Na2CO3

(b) KOH

Both (a) and (b).

All of the above.

Part C

Compounds that release OH- are bases because …

ANSWER:

(a) OH- combines with H+ and removes it from solution.

(b) bases are defined as compounds that release OH-.

Both (a) and (b).

None of the above.

Part D

To determine whether a base is weak or strong, …

ANSWER:

look for undissociated molecules of base.

examine the H+ concentration of the solution.

check the OH- concentration of the solution.

look at the acidity of the solution.

All the above.

Part E

Which of the following can be considered strong bases?

ANSWER:

NaOCl

NH3

NaHCO3

NaOH

All of the above.

True/False Question 2.102

Part A

Due to the low heat capacity of water, the human body is resistant to overheating and cooling down quickly.

ANSWER:.

True

False

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