1. Compare and contrast early social systems of Egypt, Aksum, and the inland Niger Delta. Offer ideas on the possible transmission/transference of culture among these civilizations.
2. Long-distance trade routes and the development of centralized states in the Sahel are directly related. Describe this relationship and the resulting development of forced labor systems.
3. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the continent experienced the entrance of several external peoples, cultures, and influences. Describe this influx. Identify major groups; cultural ideas, norms, and intentions of these groups; and how the groups influenced indigenous activity.
