Counter current mechanism of urine formation

Counter current mechanism of urine formation
1. Write a small assignment (not less than 4 pages) on the given topics:
2. The assignment should cover the following points:
? Suitable diagrams.
? Details of the topics
? Flow charts if any.
? Mechanisms in details.
3. Source of information could be books, scientific journal, internet websites
4. The assignment should have topics in the following order :
Title 1: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and
factors affecting it
Title 2: Counter current mechanism of urine
formation
Functional Anatomy
? Functional anatomy of the renal system.
? Structure of the nephron.
? Structure of the filtration membrane.
Functional anatomy
? Functional anatomy of the renal system.
? Structure of the nephron.
Physiology
? Definition of GFR with normal values and
values in different stages of renal failure.
? Determinants of GFR.
? Factors affecting GFR.
Physiology
? Role of different nephron regions in urine
formation.
? Counter current mechanism of urine formation.
? Formation of dilute and concentrated urine.
Application
? Factors decreasing the GFR rate.
? Kidney specific factors increasing renal
vulnerability to nephrotoxins.
Application
? Common therapeutic agents causing
nephrotoxicity.
? Tubulopathies.
References References
Title 3: Diuretics Title 2: Regulation of acid base balance
Functional Anatomy
? Functional anatomy of the renal system.
? Structure of the nephron.
Functional anatomy
? Structure of the nephron.
Physiology
? Renal tubule transport mechanisms.
? Mechanism of action of diuretics. (Thiazide,
loop, osmotic, potassium sparing and
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
Physiology
? Important renal buffers
? Secretion of H+ ions & reabsorption of HCO3-
ions by the kidney.
? Renal correction of acid base imbalance.
Application
? Clinical applications of diuretics.
Application
? Clinical causes of acid base disorders.
? Drug induced acid base balance.
References References
5. The cover page should have the topic name, name of the student, academic number and name of the
supervisor. ( A sample cover page is provided which can be used as same or can be modified but without
changing the information needed)
6. The paper should be submitted as:
? Computer generated (Typed on computer) on A4 sheet with page border.
? Font face : Calibri
? Text Alignment : Justify
? Font Size : 12
? Line Spacing: Multiple at 1.15
7. A rubric for evaluating the assignment is attached. The assignment will be evaluated by two examiners
based on the rubrics and the average of the points is considered as final scores. Point to mark conversion is
provided for the student’s reference. Copies of rubrics should be attached to the submitted assignment.
8. Suggested references: Basic Clinical Pharmacology by Ring & Dale, Comprehensive Pharmacy by
Goddmann and Gilmann, Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall.

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