Discuss Epidemiological investigation-reproductive health studies- Science
Question 1. The first step in any epidemiological investigation is to ____.
Answer: understand causation establish risk factors track trends and determine if particular diseases are increasing or decreasing in the population describe the population demographically by age, race, sex, education, and other relevant indicators
Question 2. One of the important concepts from the Nuremberg Code is that of ____, which means that the subject understands the scope of the study and can make an informed decision to participate.
Answer: informed consent voluntary consent beneficence primary agent
Question 3. A disease or condition that affects a greater than expected (normal) number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time is referred to as an ____.
Answer: epidemic endemic outbreak epidemic threshold
Question 4. The normal occurrence of a disease or condition common to persons within a localized area is known as a(n) ____.
Answer: transmission pandemic endemic epidemic
Question 5. Reproductive health studies ____.
Answer: the role of genetics in disease development the occurrence and risk factors for disease such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes that are slow to develop but span many years the distribution and risk factors for injuries, either accidental or intentional normal reproductive processes and problems that can occur including infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight
Question 6. The course of a disease, if left untreated, is referred to as ____.
Answer: transmission control measure natural history geographic pattern
Question 7. Physical, biological, social, cultural, and behaviors that influence health are known as ____.
Answer: risk factors health-related states agents determinants
Question 8. James Lind (1716-1794) observed the effect of time, place, weather, and diet on the spread of disease by ____.
Answer: comparing sick persons to well persons applying the germ theory to public health introducing randomization when conducting clinical trials applying the germ theory to hygiene practices
Question 9. The aspect of consistency means that ____.
Answer: an increasing amount of exposure increases the risk the association should be compatible with existing theory and knowledge the association is consistent when results are repeated in studies in different settings using different methods the findings agree with currently accepted understanding of pathological processes
QUestion 10. The modern epidemiologic triangle includes groups of populations, causative factors, and ____.
Answer: alternate explanations risk factors results coherence
Question 11. For chronic diseases, the time between exposure and symptoms is called the ____ period, which can range from a few months to many years.
Answer: latency incubation temporal plausibility
Question 12. Risk factors or exposures that we think might affect the outcome are known as ____.
Answer: indirect causes direct causes dependent variables independent variables
QUestion 13. Identifying diseases prior to the clinical stage means that prevention efforts can begin immediately. Because the disease is already present, this is an example of ____ prevention.
Answer: primary secondary tertiary quaternary
QUestion 14. The time between infection and clinical disease is referred to as a(n) ____.
Answer: a plausible period temporal period incubation period latency period
Question 15. A proportion measured over a period of time is known as a ____.
Answer: period prevalence prevalence proportion point prevalence rate
Question 16. The representation of a numerator as a fraction of a denominator is known as a(n) ____.
Answer: proportion rate incidence rate specific rate
Question 17. Prevalence equals ____.
Answer: incidence times duration of disease incidence divided by duration of disease incidence plus duration of disease incidence divided by duration of disease times 100
Question 18. While many people are used to hearing proportions represented as a percentage, many population samples in epidemiology are often presented per ____.
Answer: 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Question 19. By definition, the disease or condition used to identify a case is determined by the ____.
Answer: hypothesis conclusion prevalence incidence
Question 20. A person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation is known as a ____.
Answer: person time case suspect case proportion
Question 21. The number of new cases of disease in a specified time (usually one year) divided by the population “at-risk” to develop the disease is known as ____.
Answer: prevalence proportion incidence rate contingency case severity
Question 22. The number of existing cases of disease divided by the population is known as ____.
Answer: crude rate person time incidence rate prevalence proportion
Question 23. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called a ____.
Answer: multidrug resistant drug or super-drug multidrug resistant bacterium or superbug resistant bacterium or streptococcus bacterium killer bacterium or deadly bacterium
Question 24. The disease carrier of most concern is known as a(n) ____, which is an infected person who never gets clinically ill, but can transmit the etiologic agent to others.
Answer: healthy or passive carrier pregnant carrier convalescent carrier active carrier
Question 25. ____ is the transmission of a disease from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery.
Answer: Horizontal transmission Vertical transmission Lateral transmission Polar transmission
Question 26. There is ____ in the overall crude death rate in the United States from the year 1900 until 1996.
Answer: a definite increase a slight decrease hardly any change a clear decline
Question 27. The probability of death due to infectious disease in sub-Saharan Africa is ____%, but only ____% in developed countries, such as the United States.
Answer: 22; 1.1 35; 10 66; 11 50; 22
Question 28. One of the most important emerging problems with the control of infectious diseases has to do with ____.
Answer: deadly parasitic infections antibiotic resistant viral infections antibiotic resistant bacterial infections vaccine resistant viral infections
Question 29. A(n) ____ is an infected individual capable of transmitting disease during and after clinical disease.
Answer: convalescent carrier passive carrier active carrier inactive carrier
Question 30 . ____ is the transmission of a disease from person to person, and may be directly from one person to another, or indirectly from one person through an intermediate item to another person.
Answer: Horizontal transmission Vertical transmission Quick transmission Polar transmission.
