emerging issues
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Analyze specific, emerging challenges and how they impact criminal justice agencies individually and collectively, including:
Global crimes that impact the management of global justice systems and processes
The impact of terrorism on the management of criminal justice systems around the globe
The impact of social media upon the management of criminal justice
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Ensure there is a minimum of three scholarly references cited both within the assignment and on a separate references page or slide to document where you got the information used for this assignment.
Privately Owned Correctional Facilities
Mindy L . Rodriguez
Phoenix University
04/24/2017
Privately Owned Correctional Facilities
Introduction
The United States has consistently experienced a surge in prison population since the 1970s. President Ronald Reagan’s administration administered the initial insertion of the private sector to help ease the burden of correctional facilities. The nation was in the war against drugs and crime acts were fast coming into force while the sentences were being reviewed to be more severe in an effort to prevent crime. However, from a prison population of 280,000 in 1970, the United States today has a population of over two million people (Belatsky, 2010). A substantial number of all correctional facilities, 150, are privately owned and house about 200,000 inmates. These facilities are contracted by the government; state or federal and paid on per diem which average between $30 and $60 per bed occupied per day. The argument informing adoption of private facilities was largely founded on saving on costs particularly when the prison population rose above budget and political leaders could not get the required voter authorization to build new prisons. Some of the big players in the privately owned prisons business include Correctional Corporation of America which was the first to set up shop and leads in owner of these facilities. Others are GEO Group and Cornell Companies.
Benefits of For-Profit Prisons
Studies by criminal justice enthusiasts and scholars have found that privately owned correctional facilities delivered benefit to the entire criminal justice system. According to James Blumstein, over $15Million could be saved per year by states that made use of private correctional facilities. James is from the Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies. Private entities are also likely to have better operation with quality service delivery compared to public facilities according to the National Institute of Justice, an affiliation of United States Department of Justice (Jewkes, Crewe, Bennett, 2016). Private injection of capital in correctional facilities also came in handy at a time public finances could not sustain growing number of prison population. It was, therefore, considered as a private incentive into public service through a mutually beneficial partnership (Thomas, 2008).
Negative Impacts of For-Profit Prisons
On the flip side, critics of for-profit prisons have questioned the rationale of financial reward and the growing rates of recidivism. Approximately 80% of total prison populations are repeat offenders. Critics have attributed this to a link between profitability through bed occupancy in these facilities such that the entire rehabilitation objective has been abandoned. Private prisons are paid proportionately with the number of inmates they house. CCA has about 100,000 inmates on its list (Thomas, 2008). It is arguable that a growing prison population translates to better business. Further, the idea of cost reduction has been widely rejected through research that has shown there is insignificant difference between private correctional facilities and public institutions. Some have found that private facilities give inferior food, clothing and health care services in order to gain bigger profit margins. Private facilities are also fond of rejecting to house inmates who may be expensive in terms of special care (Jewkes, Crewe, Bennett, 2016). Owners of private prisons have altered national discourse on war against drugs and rising criminality through an effort to maintain occupancy in their facilities. This has greatly swayed the rehabilitation effort of the criminal justice system to a largely retributive system keen on holding people in prison. Of interest is the rising number of minor incarceration which now makes up over 10% of total prison population (Belatsky, 2010).
Impact on Other Agencies
For-profits prisons are also reversing the gains made in the social fabric particularly in the fight against racism. The manifestation of unfair criminal justice system skewed against the minority races has been manifested in the incarceration rates. The African-American make over one third of the entire prison population with the Latinos following closely while the whites make the least numbers. Social activists have consistently called on this as a continuation to racial prejudice against the black community (Thomas, 2008). In essence, conflicting interests around incarceration are finding their way into a larger social problem. For-profits prison investors have invested heavily to gain political leverage through funding of campaigns and even some politicians being shareholders. For instance, Governor Honey Alexander and his wife were founding share holders of CCA. Legislators have been financially influenced in order to make laws that advocate for private prisons. The gross outcome is an industry that has an control not only on the criminal justice system but also on other agencies like the legislature and civil activism (Jewkes, Crewe, Bennett, 2016).
Conclusion
The importance of private prisons came up with a growing prison population. However, over time, desire for financial profits have overtaken social interests and conflicts the primary objective of the criminal justice system, rehabilitation (Thomas, 2008). As the nation steers towards reducing prison population through crime deterrence, rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders, the place of for-profit prisons must come into sharp focus.
Reference:
Berlatsky, Noah. America’s Prisons. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Print.
Weizsa¨cker, Ernst U. von, Oran R Young, and Matthias Finger. Limits To Privatization. London: Earthscan, 2005. Print.
Jewkes, Y., Crewe, B., & Bennett, J. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook on prisons. Routledge.
Thomas, Charles W. The Privatization Of American Corrections. [Gainesville, Flor.]: Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, 2008. Print.
Mindy Rodriguez
Phoenix University
04.10.2017
Communication is paramount when it comes to public safety. Police is always there to help the people and save them from crimes but communicating the problem to the police and getting the incident reach to them is an important aspect of safety. Police communication with public has changed severely over the years. Earlier people had limited means of communication and hence there were more safety issues. But the policing and communication have become much more effective these days and it is becoming easier to convey emergency messages to the police. This has increased the efficiency of the police to a great extent.
Communicating with the police has evolved a lot since the years that have passed by. Earlier, during the late 17th century the police used to carry a bell which they rang when there was trouble around. This evolved slightly in the late 1800s when there was a red light placed near the intersections of the city. If the light was on, it was considered as a sign of trouble. During the 1870s the mode of communication changed to ‘Call Booths’. In this method the key of a private booth with a telegraph was issued to a police officer or a responsible citizen of the area through which they could telegraph the police station about fires or burglary etc.
It was the Detroit police department that first used the on-air policing communication system during the 1920s. This trend then moved to California and New Jersey and the other departments followed suit. The first statewide radio system was used in the 1940s(Fleischer, 2017). Connecticut was the first police department to use this system. The 911 emergency helpline number was inaugurated in the 1970s as a nationwide security measure. Ever since this number has been the lifeline of several victims who dialed it on time and were saved by the police.
Procedural justice affects the perception of the public safety in a huge way. Procedural justice relates with how police interacts with the people and what outcomes are drawn out of this interaction(Kates, 2014). Procedural justice affects the way people respect or reject the law. This has a major impact upon the crime rates of an area. If procedural justice is improper in an area it is obvious that the public will not respect the law and this will end up in a chaotic situation for the law and order of the city. If the police treats people with respect, helps their causes, makes neutral decisions and conveys the right messages they will be genuinely respected and the conditions will definitely improve.
Police legitimacy, as the term suggests reflects the people’s perception about the judgment of police in terms of law enforcement. Just like procedural justice, the phenomenon of police legitimacy is also based upon the behavior of police with the people. It also has a large effect upon the policing system of a particular area. If the police is discriminating with a certain caste of people, people will not trust the legitimacy of their police and this affects their perception of safety. This in turn gives rise to crime and aggression in the society against the police.
Every organization needs managers to maintain the smooth functioning of their respective departments. In this regard, the police managers serve as a crucial link between agencies and inside the department as well. Good police managers put their efforts into collaborating with various agencies and maintaining good community relations. They serve as a strong link among these bodies and bring them together in a manner that proves to be beneficial both for the public and the police department. The synchronization results in less crime rates and a peaceful community.
The police managers who believe in maintaining relationships and bridging the communication gaps always bring harmony to the community. Their determinations are useful in making the public more trusting towards the police and improves respect for the police departments. If the police does not sustain good relations among themselves and with the community, the lack of trust results in outbreak of violence and increased criminal incidents. Hence it is quite understandable that the police managers play aimportant role in terms of interagency collaboration and community relations.
The current structure and design of the police departments of various regions has evolved a lot in terms of maintaining good community relations. However, there are certain gaps that need to be fulfilled. Building trust with the community is an important part of policing and the police departments constantly try to reach out to people to manage law and order in the society. The main problem in the structure of police departments is the lack of proper communication. With the new technological implementations to reach to the public this gap has been filled to a certain extent, there are loopholes that result in lack of trust.
The police departments should become more communicative towards the people and they should put in efforts to know the problems before people even come to the police to rectify them(Davis, 2016).They should focus upon knowing the people and maintaining good relations with them. This results in coordination and the community then collaborates with the police to make the law enforcement more effective. Hence the police departments should try to make a structure which facilitates communication and exchange of ideas between the public and police more fluent and comfortable.
There are numerous policing models when it comes to the processes of policing systems. The intelligence-led policing model has helped decrease the crime rate to a large extent. Unlike the central or singular models of policing, the intelligence-led model of policing works upon a solid parameter of evidences and witnesses. It makes for a more important model of policing. The intelligence-led policing model is often combined into the other policing methods to make them more efficient. With the use of latest technologies, the intelligence-led police model is proving to be very useful for the public.
While other policing models focus upon centralizing the system and bringing everything under one roof, the intelligence-led policing model emphasizes upon scattering its resources strategically and making the most of their potential. They implement their tools in various directions and gather information which in turn results in a solid pile of information. This makes understanding the root of the problem easier and affects the rate of crime. When the police uses intelligent methods of using information, it becomes more effective and brings results that are astonishing. The intelligence-led policing model is proving to be a popular method in several countries.
Police legitimacy and procedural justice are the backbone to the policing system in a community. If people do not trust their police, they will not cooperate with them. The trust factor will not be there and the police will find it very difficult to cooperate with people. Police is the link between people and law enforcement and they should understand this. They must follow the most imposing way of policing that is respecting the public and keeping their formalities at top priority. To the police, the caste, color and creed of a person should not matter. They should consider the public as a unit and it is their duty to protect and safeguard that unit in all their honesty.
If the police legitimacy and procedural justice remain ideally at their place, people will trust their police and help them in eradicating crime and maintain a peaceful state of the society. The police should keep this in mind that if police is law enforcement, it is someone from the public that becomes a criminal. Enraged public becomes non-cooperative to the police and this has resulted in violence in many cases. The police must make it their mission to bring the community to one place and make them realize that they respect them and are there to help them in any difficult situation.
Hence it can be said that the police is deeply involved with the community and they should try to maintain good relations with them. Good relations result in better implementation of law. The strategic to good relations is communication and the police must make sure to communicate with the people respectfully and understand their problems. This will make people respect and trust their police. Better communication will lead to better communication and better communication will lead to reduced crime rates. Thus, the police must maintain formality of the public to get respect and function efficiently.
References
Davis, M. (2016). Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy. Washington, DC: NIJ Journal.
Fleischer, C. (2017). The History of Police Communications. Irvine: Supervising Public Safety Dispatcher.
Kates, G. (2014). The crisis of confidence in police-community relations. Washington: The Crime Report.
Mindy Rodriguez
Phoenix University
04/17/2017
Law Court Management Trends
The hundreds of years since the Constitution in was originally characterized the elected framework, the government has developed and advanced because of social and political circumstances that the individuals from the first Constitutional Convention couldn’t have foretold. The government’s forces have expanded in degree, the relationship among the branches of the government has changed, and the division of energy between the states and the central government has moved. The Federal or Central government is divided into three main branches: The legislative, the judicial, and the executive.
Each branch of the central government shares similarly in the ability to decipher the Constitution. Congress, for instance, has translated its energy under the provision to build up such administrative organizations as the Federal Communications Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. These administrative organizations are frequently seen as the fourth branch of the national government since they practice controls that are authoritative, regulatory, and legal.
Specialized court works differently as compare to the general courts and they have categories based on Domestic violence, drug courts, drug courts and child support courts to name a few (victimsofcrime.org). Specialized courts vary from conventional courts in that they concentrate on one sort of offense or guilty party.
An interdisciplinary group drove by a judge (or parole expert), works cooperatively to accomplish two objectives: case administration to assist case handling and diminish the load of the case and time to work, in this way it helps in expanding trial limit with respect to more genuine crimes and helpful law to diminish criminal culpable through remedial and interdisciplinary methodologies that address dependence and other basic issues without risking public security and proper procedure.
Court Consolidation has an incredible effect on the courts. These courts underscore collaboration and shared objectives among whole court staff, something that is infrequently found in the state courts. The staff and designating specialists communicated awesome fulfillment with solidification. Union enhanced court execution by making access that is more noteworthy to clients and responsibility for court assets. These upgrades were the consequence of reliable Court Consolidation broadly educating, work redistribution, and centralization of staff and case documents.
The staff among the combined courts confessed to having concerns and fears before consolidation, but did not observe these issues to be substantial subsequent to uniting. Conveyance of obligations was resolved through private meetings between circuit representatives and staff to examine qualities and shortcomings and wanted positions.
A victim is generally characterized as a man who has been straightforwardly hurt by a wrongdoing that was submitted by someone else. In a few expresses, casualties’ rights apply just to casualties of lawful offenses (more genuine violations) while different states additionally give legitimate rights to casualties of misdeeds (less genuine wrongdoings). A few states permit a relative of a murder casualty or the parent or watchman of a minor, inept individual, or individual with an inability to practice these rights for the benefit of the victims. The overviews of victim laws are as follows: Right to be treated with respect, kindliness, and dignity, Right to protection and information, Right for advantage to name a few and Right to speed up the trial to name few laws.
Consolidation gives one effect to any court, which can’t be questioned, responsiveness to change. Change in the structure of the court framework has been long past due; solidification gives the establishment to these advancements. Rather than laboring to envision the result of union, courts ought to concentrate more on the underlying change and the entryways it will open for unlimited prospective outcomes for change. Courts can use the Trial Court Performance Standards to gauge court execution and recognize zones, which require making strides. This procedure can give the premise to changes important to enhancing court execution (Mikeska, 2010).
Sadly, as the local dread danger has delayed, the reaction from state and nearby law, implementation has been to portray an assortment of key attempts intended to close the mindfulness holes and knowledge gaps that have infiltrated the framework.Similar to the case amid past periods of progress in law authorization, it appears to be important that there be wide changes in preparing to sufficiently advise new and experienced officers on rising patterns, making ready for another culture of attention to develop.
Since the twentieth century there has been lot of changes because of the central government expanded part in household and outside issues, its power and obligations have developed hugely. This development is reflected in the quantity of government regular citizen workers, which expanded from 239,476 in 1901 to 2,697,602 in 2001. Be that as it may, just 8 percent of this expansion happened amid the previous fifty years. This yearly increment of less than .01 percent is demonstrative of the current pattern to reduce the size and magnitude of the government (www.nij.gov)
This pattern started with the Carter Administration’s (1977–1981) deregulation of a few key enterprises, for example, media communications, trucking, and air travel. In light of financial and political thought processes, it proceeded with taking after organizations, which among different activities rebuilt the government welfare framework by turning the greater part of its organization and subsidizing over to the states. In the 1990s, the Supreme Court forcefully sought after a legitimate plan that affirmed states’ rights over government expert. A case of this plan was the Court’s understanding of the Eleventh Amendment, which restricts private people from utilizing the government legal to sue a state. In 1990, the Court translated the alteration to bar private claims against states that may have abused government law. To the bewilderment of many states’ rights advocates, the Court extended this translation in 2002 to ban elected administrative organizations from suing states in the interest of private people, despite the fact that the government unmistakably has the privilege to sue a state. Numerous lawful specialists trust that this decision will block the national government from adequately implementing its controls on a wide scope of issues from ecological insurance to laborer wellbeing.
References:
National Institute of Justice (2017). Specialized Courts. Retrieved from https://www.nij.gov/topics/courts/pages/specialized-courts.aspx
National Centre for Victims of Crime (2012). Victim’s Right. Retrieved from https://victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime victims/victims%27-rights
Jennifer L. Mikeska (2010). Court Consolidation. Retrieved from http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Education%20and%20Careers/CEDP%20Paper /2000/Court%20Consolidation.ashx
Mindy Rodriguez
Phoenix University
04/17/2017
Law Court Management Trends
The hundreds of years since the Constitution in was originally characterized the elected framework, the government has developed and advanced because of social and political circumstances that the individuals from the first Constitutional Convention couldn’t have foretold. The government’s forces have expanded in degree, the relationship among the branches of the government has changed, and the division of energy between the states and the central government has moved. The Federal or Central government is divided into three main branches: The legislative, the judicial, and the executive.
Each branch of the central government shares similarly in the ability to decipher the Constitution. Congress, for instance, has translated its energy under the provision to build up such administrative organizations as the Federal Communications Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. These administrative organizations are frequently seen as the fourth branch of the national government since they practice controls that are authoritative, regulatory, and legal.
Specialized court works differently as compare to the general courts and they have categories based on Domestic violence, drug courts, drug courts and child support courts to name a few (victimsofcrime.org). Specialized courts vary from conventional courts in that they concentrate on one sort of offense or guilty party.
An interdisciplinary group drove by a judge (or parole expert), works cooperatively to accomplish two objectives: case administration to assist case handling and diminish the load of the case and time to work, in this way it helps in expanding trial limit with respect to more genuine crimes and helpful law to diminish criminal culpable through remedial and interdisciplinary methodologies that address dependence and other basic issues without risking public security and proper procedure.
Court Consolidation has an incredible effect on the courts. These courts underscore collaboration and shared objectives among whole court staff, something that is infrequently found in the state courts. The staff and designating specialists communicated awesome fulfillment with solidification. Union enhanced court execution by making access that is more noteworthy to clients and responsibility for court assets. These upgrades were the consequence of reliable Court Consolidation broadly educating, work redistribution, and centralization of staff and case documents.
The staff among the combined courts confessed to having concerns and fears before consolidation, but did not observe these issues to be substantial subsequent to uniting. Conveyance of obligations was resolved through private meetings between circuit representatives and staff to examine qualities and shortcomings and wanted positions.
A victim is generally characterized as a man who has been straightforwardly hurt by a wrongdoing that was submitted by someone else. In a few expresses, casualties’ rights apply just to casualties of lawful offenses (more genuine violations) while different states additionally give legitimate rights to casualties of misdeeds (less genuine wrongdoings). A few states permit a relative of a murder casualty or the parent or watchman of a minor, inept individual, or individual with an inability to practice these rights for the benefit of the victims. The overviews of victim laws are as follows: Right to be treated with respect, kindliness, and dignity, Right to protection and information, Right for advantage to name a few and Right to speed up the trial to name few laws.
Consolidation gives one effect to any court, which can’t be questioned, responsiveness to change. Change in the structure of the court framework has been long past due; solidification gives the establishment to these advancements. Rather than laboring to envision the result of union, courts ought to concentrate more on the underlying change and the entryways it will open for unlimited prospective outcomes for change. Courts can use the Trial Court Performance Standards to gauge court execution and recognize zones, which require making strides. This procedure can give the premise to changes important to enhancing court execution (Mikeska, 2010).
Sadly, as the local dread danger has delayed, the reaction from state and nearby law, implementation has been to portray an assortment of key attempts intended to close the mindfulness holes and knowledge gaps that have infiltrated the framework.Similar to the case amid past periods of progress in law authorization, it appears to be important that there be wide changes in preparing to sufficiently advise new and experienced officers on rising patterns, making ready for another culture of attention to develop.
Since the twentieth century there has been lot of changes because of the central government expanded part in household and outside issues, its power and obligations have developed hugely. This development is reflected in the quantity of government regular citizen workers, which expanded from 239,476 in 1901 to 2,697,602 in 2001. Be that as it may, just 8 percent of this expansion happened amid the previous fifty years. This yearly increment of less than .01 percent is demonstrative of the current pattern to reduce the size and magnitude of the government (www.nij.gov)
This pattern started with the Carter Administration’s (1977–1981) deregulation of a few key enterprises, for example, media communications, trucking, and air travel. In light of financial and political thought processes, it proceeded with taking after organizations, which among different activities rebuilt the government welfare framework by turning the greater part of its organization and subsidizing over to the states. In the 1990s, the Supreme Court forcefully sought after a legitimate plan that affirmed states’ rights over government expert. A case of this plan was the Court’s understanding of the Eleventh Amendment, which restricts private people from utilizing the government legal to sue a state. In 1990, the Court translated the alteration to bar private claims against states that may have abused government law. To the bewilderment of many states’ rights advocates, the Court extended this translation in 2002 to ban elected administrative organizations from suing states in the interest of private people, despite the fact that the government unmistakably has the privilege to sue a state. Numerous lawful specialists trust that this decision will block the national government from adequately implementing its controls on a wide scope of issues from ecological insurance to laborer wellbeing.
References:
National Institute of Justice (2017). Specialized Courts. Retrieved from https://www.nij.gov/topics/courts/pages/specialized-courts.aspx
National Centre for Victims of Crime (2012). Victim’s Right. Retrieved from https://victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime victims/victims%27-rights
Jennifer L. Mikeska (2010). Court Consolidation. Retrieved from http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Education%20and%20Careers/CEDP%20Paper /2000/Court%20Consolidation.ashx
