English Essay- describe personality development/ English
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychiatrist, who was the first person to develop and describe personality development as a series of 5 stages. The five stages of personality development are anal, oral, phallic, genital, and latent. In the first stage oral, infant start to learn to use their mouth reflex, for eat, and sucking. Also, this stage infant learns to develop pleasure from the oral stimulation through activities such as tasting and sucking. In the second stage which is the anal stage, is where a child learns to control their bladder and bowel movements, through toilet training, and through learning to controlling his/ her bladder and bowel movements leads to gain a sense of accomplishment and independence.in the third stage phallic, is a stage where children start to learn the difference between male and female sex. the fourth stage latent, is a stage were children develop egos, which begins around the time that children enters school and become involved and more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests. The fifth and last Stage, is the genital were individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex.
Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development ofego identity. Ego identity is a conscious sense of self which a person develops through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is always changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our everyday interactions. Most psychologists refer to ego identity as the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person’s behavior.
In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of accomplishments motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming more competent in an area of life. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in their development. Erikson’s view, these conflicts as being centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. There are eight stage in Erikson development .the five stage are Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation,Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair.
The first stage of Erikson’s occurs between birth and one year of age and is a stage were an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. The second stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on a children sense of personal control. In this stage, Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training is a vital part of this process. However, Erikson’s reasoning was quite different than that of Freud’s because he believes that learning to control one’s bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Stage three occurs during the preschool years, when children begin to assert themselves and their power and control over the world through playing and social interactions. In this stage Children who are successful in this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Stage four covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11, where through social interactions; children begin to develop a sense of pride and accomplishments in their abilities.
Stages five is during adolescence, were children explore their independence and develop a sense of self and emerge with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Stage six, is the stage that covers the period of early adulthood when people are explores personal relationships, and develops close, committed relationships with other people. Stage seven, occurs during adulthood, were we continue to build our lives, and focusing on our career and family. Finally, stage eight phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life, where people who weren’t successful their life will feel that they wasted their life and will experience many regrets. From my research I have found that both Freud and Erikson have the same ideal in the development, but Freud has five stage and Erikson has eight. In addition, I found that Erikson development went more cognitive and Freud went more into how each stage affect one, and the benefits that achieve through each stage. If, both of these theories were used for therapeutic they would be used as a supportive interventions just like Humanistic psychology were a system of values and beliefs help with the growth and self-actualization of a person.
