Heartburn; digestive system|Biology – Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
Ms. Young began her examination by asking KO what his main reason was for making the appointment. KO stated that his wife and daughter had been concerned after he had lost some weight without trying over a few months. He was less concerned about the weight loss than he was about the fact that he had terrible heartburn and even stomach pain, especially after eating. He had tried over-the-counter remedies with some success, but lately they weren’t working as well. Lastly, he described the episodes where he had trouble catching his breath, followed by nausea and hot flashes. Ms. Young began the physical exam by examining his head and neck. She used the ophthalmoscope to look into KO’s eyes and to inspect his mouth. The otoscope was used to examine his ears. Ms. Young used her well-trained sense of touch to palpate the cervical region for any abnormalities such as an enlarged thyroid gland, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, or any unusual lumps or masses. Ms. Young continued her examination of KO’s surface anatomy and moved to somewhat deeper, but palpable anatomy. She inspected the surface anatomy by moving inferiorly from the head and neck to the thorax and then abdomen. Ms. Young palpated each quadrant of the abdomen, and then assessed deeper structures by percussion, in which she forcefully tapped on the overlying surface and listened to the sound produced. Deeper palpation in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen elicited a grunt of pain from KO. She made a notation of this response in KO’s chart and continued the examination. The nurse practitioner then inspected each of KO’s upper limbs, starting at the shoulder and moving distally to the fingertips. She repeated this procedure moving from the hips to the toes. As she did this, she inspected the surface anatomy, assessed muscle strength, and tested skeletal muscle reflexes. After each body region was examined, Ms. Young documented her findings. This was a systematic examination that she had performed numerous times. KO, impressed with Ms. Young’s professionalism, commented on how efficiently she worked her way through the exam process. She replied that she had been trained to perform H and Ps the same way, in the same order every time, to ensure that nothing would be overlooked. Finding a diagnosis for KO’s heartburn and stomach pain may require additional procedures such as a CT scan. . Which of the following planes of section would provide an anterior view of the entire length of the esophagus?
ANSWER:
The horizontal (transverse) plane.
The frontal (coronal) plane.
The parasagittal plane.
The midsagittal plane.
Part C – Module 1.4 The Organization of Anatomy and Physiology
KO’s history of unexplained weight loss, palpable left upper quadrant pain, stomach pain made worse by eating, and persistent heartburn were concerning. The nausea could be associated with heartburn, but periodic hot flashes and shortness of breath were out of context with these mostly gastrointestinal symptoms. Ms. Young thought they were all related, but KO’s Japanese heritage and the fact that his father had died from stomach cancer made the decision to refer KO to a gastroenterologist (a specialist of the gastrointestinal system) simple. Ms. Young discussed her concerns with KO, and then sent him for several blood tests that the gastroenterologist would want prior to seeing KO. If KO is diagnosed with stomach cancer, surgery might be required. When making an incision through the wall of the stomach, which portion of the serous membrane is the surgeon cutting through?
ANSWER:
Parietal peritoneum.
Parietal pericardium.
Visceral pleura.
Visceral peritoneum.
Chapter 1 Chapter Test Question 1
Part A
The core concepts and relating principles you should come to understand in each module are called __________.
ANSWER:
Flashback questions
Quick Check questions
Concept Boosts
Learning Outcomes
MyReadinessTest for A&P Video Tutor: Cause & Effect
Watch the video tutor about cause and effect, then read the scenario and then answer the questions.
https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2259015/3/MAP_2259015_thumb.jpg
John is having a really bad day. The temperature was very pleasant last night, so he slept with his window open to enjoy the fresh air. He had a headache when he got up this morning because of his chronic sinus problems, worsened of late by a high pollen count. That pounding headache sure didn’t help his concentration at school this morning when he administered a lab practical exam to his A&P students. At one point, he almost thought they had worked out some new way to cheat—there seemed to be a symphony of sneezes and sniffles during the exam. Allergies or the latest cold that everyone is spreading back and forth? John didn’t worry about it—his sinuses were already blocked so how much worse could it get? Finally, the exam was over, and he thought maybe some food would make him feel better.
The school cafeteria was closed by the time he headed off for a late lunch, so he headed to the local deli and ordered an egg salad sandwich, macaroni salad, a bag of chips, and a soda. While he waited for his food, he headed to the bathroom to blow his nose so perhaps he could taste his food. He used the toilet since he was there, and noted the sign over the sink instructing all employees to wash their hands before returning to work, as he noticed there was no soap. He rinsed his hands quickly and dried them briefly on the cotton towel hanging by the sink, then unlocked the door and returned to his meal, now realizing he really was quite hungry.
As his food arrived, he was reminded that it was late in the day—the egg salad and macaroni salad had dried a bit on top and were barely cooler than room temperature. He wolfed down his food, returned to work for a few hours, then headed home. Now at home, with dinner time approaching, he is not hungry at all. In fact, he doesn’t even want to think about food! His stomach is churning and he keeps burping a taste of stale egg salad. Then it hits him—a powerful wave of nausea—and he bolts for the bathroom just in time to regurgitate his lunch. “Oh,” he thought to himself, “It’s going to be a VERY long night!”
Part A
Based on this passage, which of the following is the most likely cause of John’s headache in the morning?
ANSWER:
Bad egg salad
Sinus congestion caused by his allergies.
He had already caught a cold from his students.
The temperature was too low in his room because his window was open.
Part B
Based on the passage, which of the following is the least likely cause of John’s vomiting?
ANSWER:
Bad egg salad
Conditions in the bathroom
His headache
Bad macaroni salad
True/False Question 1.61
Part A
When studying, you should actively read the textbook by taking notes and making diagrams.
ANSWER:
True
False
Art-based Question Chapter 1 Question 1
Part A
Diagram shows 5 panels. Panel 1 is showing several atoms and a phospholipid molecule. Panel 2 is showing phospholipids incorporated in a cell membrane of a squamous epithelial cell. There is a space between panel 2 and panel 3 with a red question mark. Panel 3 shows an esophagus. Panel 4 shows all organs of the digestive system. Panel 5 shows the entire body.
Which major structural level of organization is missing from the figure?
ANSWER:
chemical level
organism level
cellular level
tissue level
Multiple Choice Question 1.10
Part A
What characteristic of life involves the removal of waste products that result from metabolic processes?
ANSWER:
irritability
growth
reproduction
excretion
True/False Question 1.63
Part A
The simplest level of organization in the human body is the cellular level.
ANSWER:
True
False
Chapter 1 Chapter Test Question 5
Part A
The cephalic region is __________ to the gluteal region.
ANSWER:
superior
proximal
caudal
inferior
Matching Question 1.71 – 75
Match the following with the correct regional anatomical term. https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/1939765/1/f1q71g1.jpg
Part A
Identify the thoracic region.
ANSWER:
C
A
B
E
D
Part B
Identify the vertebral region.
ANSWER:
D
B
E
A
C
Part C
Identify the cephalic region.
ANSWER:
E
D
A
C
B
Part D
Identify the popliteal region.
ANSWER:
D
C
E
A
B
Part E
Identify the gluteal region.
ANSWER:
B
C
D
E
A
Multiple Choice Question 1.20
Part A
When we imagine a person exhibiting anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing:
ANSWER:
to the side.
down.
backward.
forward.
True/False Question 1.65
Part A
Patients are always examined while they are standing in anatomical position.
ANSWER:
True
False
Art-based Question Chapter 1 Question 4
Part A
ANSWER:
Diagram of the nine abdominopelvic regions. A red arrow points to the lowest, middle region.
The arrow points to the __________.
umbilical region
epigastric region
hypogastric region
hypochondriac region
Chapter 1 Chapter Test Question 8
Part A
Which of the following abdominopelvic regions will overlap with the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
ANSWER:
right hypochondriac region
left iliac region
right lumbar region
left hypochondriac region
Matching Question 1.76 – 80
Match the following with the correct body cavity or subdivision. https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/1939766/2/f1q72g1.jpg
Part A
Identify the thoracic cavity.
ANSWER:
C
A
B
E
D
Part B
Identify the abdominopelvic cavity.
ANSWER:
E
D
A
C
B
Part C
Identify the subdivision of the thoracic cavity where the left lung is housed.
ANSWER:
A
D
B
E
C
Part D
Identify the mediastinum.
ANSWER:
E
A
D
C
B
Part E
Identify the subdivision of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart.
ANSWER:
C
A
B
E
D
Multiple Choice Question 1.35
Part A
What are the two subcavities of the dorsal body cavity?
ANSWER:
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
pleural and pericardial cavities
abdominal and pelvic cavities
cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities
True/False Question 1.68
Part A
Serous fluid lubricates around organs and reduces friction as the organ moves against adjacent structures.
ANSWER:
True
False
MyReadinessTest for A&P Video Tutor: Accountability
Watch the video tutor about accountability, and then answer the question.
Click to launch video
Part A
You have a child who attends daycare while you attend classes. Just before class, you are notified that your child has a slight fever and appears fine otherwise, but must be picked up because of the fever. Which of the following is your best solution?
ANSWER:
Contact your prearranged backup person so that she or he can pick up and take care of your child until you are out of class.
Leave a voicemail for your instructor asking him or her to call and let you know if they did anything important in class.
Pick up your child and then email a classmate to see what they did in class.
Miss class and read up a bit before the next class so hopefully you will be ready.
Art-based Question Chapter 1 Question 6
Part A
Diagram of an example of homeostatic regulation. It begins with a stimulus, causing the temperature to decrease below the set point of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. There is an arrow to a panel that shows a thermometer, which detects the change in temperature. The information is then sent to the thermostat, which determines the temperature is below the set point and sends a signal to the heater, which turns on, produces heat and warms the room. As room temperature returns to set point, feedback turns the heater off.
This figure represents a negative feedback loop that controls the temperature of a room. What is the thermometer?
ANSWER:
control center
receptor
effector
regulated variable
Multiple Choice Question 1.24
Part A
A directional term that means the same as posterior is:
ANSWER:
anterior.
dorsal.
ventral.
sagittal.
True/False Question 1.69
Part A
Negative feedback loops produce responses in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus while positive feedback loops produce responses in the same direction of the initial stimulus.
