How does radiation cause biological harm to bacteria

1.why is it likely that Staphlococcus aureus would be more resistant to plasmoptysis than E. coli?

2.Based on their respective oxygen requirements, in which regions of the thioglycollate tubes do you expect to see growth of Microccocus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, and Clostridium perfringens?

3. How does radiation cause biological harm to bacteria both directly and indirectly? Which organism do you expect to be more resistant to radiation, Bacillus subtilis or Staphlococcus aureus? Why? If you were irradiating Staphlococcus aureus vs. E. coli, which organism would you expect to be more susceptible? Why?

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