Humoral immune responses by releasing cytokines
Biology
URGENT: Two immune system questions:
Activated T-helper cells aid in humoral immune responses by releasing cytokines which promote antibody production, phagocytosis, neutralization and apoptosis. Which parts of this statement are false and why? I know cytokines activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells, and the interferons are cytokines as well.
Membrane receptors associated with cd4, cd8, cytotoxic t cells and helper t cells do not recognize antigenic determinants of pathogens in the ECF space. Why is this true? Are these cells not present in the ECF?
