The Impact of Families in the Community during Hospital Closure: Systematic Revie

The Impact of Families in the Community during Hospital Closure: Systematic Review
Comment:
My proposal is approved for my capstone and I need assistance with writing my last portion. I will email what is needed in the final project

This is a systematic review

we need secondary data analysis as well, if you can help
Published Outcomes and Research
You should complete this subsection when conducting a systematic review of relevant published findings and conclusions from other researchers and scholars. Data and evidence that have not been analyzed belong in the next sections.
List databases and search engines used to find outcomes and research related to the practice problem.
List key search terms and combinations of search terms used. (More detailed search terms may be included in an appendix and referenced here, if appropriate).
Describe the scope of this review in terms of years searched, as well as types of literature and sources searched.
Clarify how this search will be exhaustive and comprehensive.
Note: This type of systematic review needs to be a deeper and more thorough exploration of the topic, as discussed in the Context subsection in Section 2.
Archival and Operational Data
You should complete this section for doctoral projects that will involve analysis of an organization’s operational data that have been (or will be) routinely collected in the organizational context (i.e., serves a purpose other than completion of the doctoral project) but have not yet been analyzed at the time of proposal approval.
Describe the nature of the data, including information on who contributed them originally.
Justify the relevance of these data to the practice problem in this project.
Describe how the data were originally collected by the organization, focusing on their overall validity as a source of evidence. Note any limitations inherent in the data.
Describe the procedure for gaining access to the evidence, including permissions to gain access to operational data
If historical or legal documents are used as a source of evidence, demonstrate the reputability of the sources and justify why they represent the best source.
Evidence Generated for the Doctoral Project
You should complete this section for evidence and data that will be primarily generated for the purpose the doctoral project, and not part of the normal operations of the site.
Provide a step-by-step description of how this evidence will be collected, paying specific attention to the following topics.

Participants
Describe the individuals who will contribute evidence to address the practice-focused question(s), paying attention to:
• choice for number of participants,
• how they were selected, and
• relevance of these participants to the practice-focused question(s).
Procedures
Describe all tools and/or techniques used to collect that evidence and their alignment with the constructs in the doctoral project.
• For existing measurement instruments, if applicable, discuss validity and reliability of the scores produced by the instruments, along with any concepts, constructs, or outcomes measured by them. Discuss also, in terms of the above, modifications that were made to any instruments.
• For tools that you have created, if applicable, detail must be provided on how they were developed and what strategies were used to assure the validity of the information produced by them.
Note: Identify any instruments to be used in the a) table of contents, b) text of the manuscript, and c) appendices.
Protections
Describe procedures used to ensure ethical protection of these participants in the doctoral project.
• Discuss strategies for recruiting and developing working relationships with participants.
• Discuss measures taken to ensure ethical protection of participants, including data retention plans, incentives, consent process, safeguarding of privacy, and measures to permit participants to withdraw participation.
• Describe the role of the Walden University IRB or other bodies in approving the doctoral project.
Note: The names of individual participants and organizations must be masked.
Analysis and Synthesis
Describe the systems used for recording, tracking, organizing, and analyzing the evidence—including any software used for these purposes.

Outline the procedures used to assure the integrity of the evidence, including approaches to managing outliers and missing information.
Describe analysis procedures used in the doctoral project to address the practice-focused question(s) (e.g., coding, statistical analyses, etc.).
Summary
Section 3 should end with a summary emphasizing key points and transitioning to Section 4.

The completion of Section 3 marks the end of the DNP Doctoral Project Proposal. Completed DNP Doctoral Projects should also include Section 4 (below).
Both DNP Doctoral Project Proposals and completed DNP Doctoral Project papers should be rated in terms of APA style (below – final page of this document).

SECTION 4:Findings and Recommendations
Checklist Items Pg/NA Comment History
Introduction
Remind readers of the local problem, the gap-in-practice, the practice-focused question(s), and the purpose of the doctoral project.
Summarize the sources of evidence, how the evidence was obtained, and the analytical strategies that were used.
Findingsand Implications
Report the findings that resulted from analysis and synthesis of the evidence that was collected (not simply the raw numbers or evidence).
Discuss any unanticipated limitations or outcomes and their potential impact on the findings.
Describe the implications resulting from the findings in terms of individuals, communities, institutions, and systems.
Provide potential implications to positive social change.
Recommendations
Describe the proposed or recommended solutions that will potentially address the gap-in-practice, as informed by the findings discussed above (e.g., policies, practice guidelines, protocols, standards, etc.); include these recommended products in appendices and provide any detail needed to understand or use the products.
If applicable, describe any proposed secondary products that will guide the use of the primary products in practice. Any secondary products should be included in appendices, discussed in the text of the paper, and referenced so that readers know where to look to find the actual products.
If applicable, describe the recommended implementation and evaluation procedures in sufficient detail that administrative decision makers not involved in development and planning can assign and supervise them without further planning.
Note:Implementation of the recommendations is not required for completion of the DNP doctoral project.
Contribution of the Doctoral Project Team (if applicable)
Summarize the process of working with the doctoral project team, including the responsibilities taken by team members.

Describe the roles the project team played in developing the final recommendations and/or product(s).
Discuss any plans to extend the project beyond the DNP doctoral project.
Strength and Limitations of the Project
Discuss the strengths and the limitations of the doctoral project.
Include recommendations for future projects addressing similar topics and using similar methods.
SECTION 5: Dissemination Plan
Describe the plans to disseminate this work to the institution experiencing the problem in practice.
Based on the nature of the product, clarify the audiences and venues that would be appropriate for dissemination of the project to the broader nursing profession.
Analysis of Self
Provide an analysis-of-self in the role as practitioner, scholar, and project manager; drawing connection between this project experience, present state, and long-term professional goals.
Describe the completion of the project, discussing challenges, solutions, and insights gained on the scholarly journey.
Note: This section can be written in the first person.
Summary
The section/paper should close with a concluding statement about the doctoral project, making its essential message clear to readers.
The Impacts on Families in the Community during Hospital Closure: A Systematic Review
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Abstract
Despite the significance of hospitals in providing medical services, some of the facilities are undergoing closure in the rural areas. The closure of the hospitals directly impacts the health of rural populations while the indirect effects worsen accessibility of medical services. Therefore, the impacts of hospital closure on communities need to be identified and the extent of the effects evaluated in order to initiate efforts which will ensure uninterrupted delivery of healthcare services in the rural areas. The purpose of this doctoral project is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on the families in the communities. The practice-focused questions are: (1) What implications occur on families in the community after closure of a hospital in their locality? (2) To what extent do the implications of hospital closure affect the families in the community? The capstone is based on the conflict theory which states that poor people in the society are underserved with important resources such as health facilities. The PRISMA methodology will be utilized in data collection and analysis. The sources of evidence will be journal articles collected from scholarly databases including ProQuest, EBSCOhost, PubMed, and PMC. Analysis of the articles will involve summarizing information about authors, the study design, duration of study, the intervention, outcome measure, population, method of data analysis, and the results. The findings of the capstone will be useful in initiating efforts that may help in establishing intervention measures for hospital closure.

The Impacts on Families in the Community during Hospital Closure: A Systematic Review
Section One: Overview of the Evidence-Based Project
Introduction
According to Hung, Kozhimannil, Casey, and Moscovice (2016), most hospitals that undergo closure are located in rural areas placing many patients at risk who may have already had access to care issues due to distance from the existing facility. One reason for rural hospital closure is the low populations in the area which affects the number of patients that hospitals receive (Hung et al., 2016; Matsumoto, Ogawa, Kashima, and Takeuchi, 2012). The low turnout of patients causes a generation of unsustainable revenue for a rural hospital leading to subsequent closure (Bloom, Propper, Seiler, & Van Reenen, 2015). Additionally, the low turnout of patients may cause the practitioners to search for jobs in areas that can enable them to practice their careers exhaustively and produce a sustainable personal income. Another reason for closure of hospitals is the lack of expansion of Medicaid and Medicare (Hsia, Srebotnjak, Kanzaria, McCulloch, & Auerbach, 2012). Most rural hospitals serve people with low incomes and older adults who are insured by the government. Therefore, as governmental reductions in Medicaid and Medicare occur, hospitals which rely on government finding become financially unsustainable resulting in closure (Hsia et al., 2012).
Closure of hospitals affects the health of the community because it is the locus of healthcare in the area it is located. The sickness of family members worsens and diseases may spread within the community after a hospital in their locality is closed. Patients may seek medical services in hospitals located in other areas, but travelling to the distant places causes their illnesses to worsen (Matsumoto et al., 2012). According to Kashima, Matsumoto, Ogawa, Eboshida, and Takeuchi (2012) hospitals are important during emergency cases, therefore, closure of a hospital in an area may contribute to members of families losing their life because of delayed accessibility to medical attention. Besides affecting the health of families in an area, closure of a hospital also impacts the economy of the community. Hospitals are sources of employment to many people in an area, thus closure of hospitals affect incomes of families (Henry, 2015).
The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) course requires students to initiate practice change or policy change in their places of work through evidence-based research (Lloyd, D’Errico, & Bristol, 2016). This DNP project is a systematic review of studies conducted on the impacts of hospital closure in the community. Therefore, the various studies will provide heterogeneous information for the DNP project which will useful in making credible evidence-based practice change that enhance existence of community hospitals.
Problem Statement
Health care is a basic need for everyone, and the government has strived to ensure that all citizens assess healthcare services by instituting the Medicaid and Medicare (Hsia et al. 2012). Though other healthcare services can be provided in other institutions, hospitals are the main places from which locals in a rural community access medical attention (Henry, 2015). The hospitals also employ many residents directly or indirectly, therefore, are a source of income to most families in an area. In addition, hospitals considerably influence the economy of an area they are located. Hospitals are undergoing closure at a fast rate despite the significance of the institutions in an area (Henry, 2015). According to Henry (2015), about 20 hospitals have been closed in New York since 2003, and it is projected that more hospitals may get closed countrywide. The closure of a hospital has implications on the families in the community with regards to delivery of healthcare services, the economy, and income, among others. The capstone project is important in the field of nursing practice because the findings can be used to initiate efforts which will ensure that communities receive uninterrupted care as a result of continuous existence of hospitals.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of conducting this project based on systematic review methodology is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on the families in the community. The basic function of hospitals in a community is to offer healthcare services, however the facilities do not meet the purpose once closed which causes gap-in-practice. The closure of a hospital may result from financial unsustainability, lack of personnel, ineffective management, and poor government policies, among others (Henry, 2015). The hospitals provide healthcare services to people and are also source of employment and income to families in the area of location. Therefore, the impacts of hospital closure on the families in the community are many and multifaceted. Most studies related to impacts of hospital closure on the community have involved conducting research focusing on a single aspect of the problem (Kashima et al., 2012; Lorch, Srinivas, Ahlberg, & Small, 2013; Matsumoto et al., 2012; Zimmermann, Carnahan, Paulsey, & Molina, 2016). The systematic review involves synthesizing information from the different studies, therefore, the findings can be useful in cases that involve developing intervention measures to solve hospital closure in the community. The project will be guided by the following questions in order to meet its purpose and objectives: 1) What implications occur on families in the community after closure of a hospital in their locality? 2) To what extent do the implications of hospital closure affect the families in the community?
Nature of the Doctoral Project
The sources of evidence to be used in developing the project will be academic journal articles related to the impacts on families in the community during hospital closure. The journal articles will be obtained online from academic databases which include ProQuest, EBSCOhost, PubMed, and PMC. The systematic review process will be based on Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology. The PRISMA methodology is a widely accepted approach for use in systematic review by scholars. The methodology offers precise guidance for systematic review, which will enable credible analysis of the journal articles on impact on families in the community during hospital closure. The findings of the capstone project will be useful in developing interventions for hospital closure.
Significance
The findings of the capstone project will have impact on stakeholders in the health sector who include the families in the rural communities, the management of hospitals in the communities, local organizations in the communities, and government leaders, among others. The capstone involves identifying the causes and impacts of hospital closure on the families in the communities. In addition, the extent of the implications of hospital closure will be assessed. Therefore, the findings of the capstone project will initiate the need for intervening hospital closure by the collective efforts of the stakeholders in order to avoid further implications of the problem on the community. The capstone project involves systematic review of case studies related to impacts on the community during hospital closure, therefore, generalizability of the findings to similar practice areas is viable. The findings of the capstone about impacts of hospital closure on families will also enable people in the society to appreciate the importance of hospitals in the community.
Summary
The basic role of a hospital in a community is provision of healthcare services to families. In addition, hospitals are a source of employment to members of families and are important in stabilizing the economy of an area. Despite the benefits created by hospitals to the community, closure of the institutions has been on the increase especially in the rural areas. Some of the reason that lead to closure of hospitals include financial unsustainability, poor management, inadequate qualified personnel, and poor policies by the government, among others. Though the reasons of closure of a hospital may be genuine, it has several implications on the families that depended on it for income and healthcare services. The gap-in-practice which the capstone project addresses is that hospitals in the communities do not meet the intended purpose of delivering medical services due to closure.
The purpose of conducting this research is to assess the implications of hospital closure on families in the community. The objectives which will ensure the purpose of the project is met are identification and evaluation of the impacts of hospital closure on families in the community. The project will be a systematic review using scholarly journal articles, therefore, it is evidence based and can offer credible findings which can be generalized or transferred to similar areas of practice. Some of the major stakeholders which may be impacted by the findings of the capstone project include families in the rural communities, the management of hospitals in the communities, local organizations in the communities, and government leaders. The society will also appreciate the importance of hospitals after learning the implication hospital closure has on communities.
Section 2: Background and Context
Introduction
Hospitals are the main facilities in which families in the community get medical services and employment. Many hospitals in the communities are being closed which is affecting the health of the family members in the community as well as their lifestyle. The purpose of this capstone project is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on families in the community. In order to meet the purpose, the capstone project will be guided by the following practice-focused questions: What implications occur on families in the community after closure of a hospital in their locality? To what extent do the implications of hospital closure affect the families in the community? The second section on background and context in this capstone project proposal will contain the following topics: the concepts, models, and theories; relevance of nursing practice, local background and context, role of the DNP student, role of the Project team, and the summary.
Concepts, Models, and Theories
Theoretical framework. The project is founded on conflict theory. According to Bertram and Celikates (2015), the conflict perspective is based on the assumption that groupings in the society occur because of differences in power, political representation, resource allocation, and access to services. In the perspective of health care delivery, the conflict theory is demonstrated by the inequalities that exist in providing healthcare services (Bertram & Celikates, 2015). The people in the urban centers who are mostly wealthier get better healthcare services compared to poor families in communities at the rural areas. In addition, the people at the rural areas in most cases are older adults aged over 65 years old and those with little income, and are more likely to become ill. Rural areas are marginalized, therefore, low economic growth is experienced resulting in closure of hospitals. The hospital closure in the community affects the families because they may not access healthcare treatment readily causing their sicknesses to worsen (Chen, Xi, Bennett, & Hibbert, 2015; Hsia et al., 2012).
Definition of terms. The following terms used in the capstone project may have different meanings in other contexts:
i. Families: The term families refers to more than one group of people that consists of parents or guardians and children who live together in a household (Skinner & Ichii, 2015).
ii. Community: A community is a social unit that comprises several families which share the same cultures, identity, or religion and are living in the same geographical area (Skinner & Ichii, 2015). In the context of this capstone project, community refers to the families located in rural areas.
iii. Hospital: A hospital is an institution that offers healthcare services to the community. Hospitals have specialized medical personnel such as nurses and physicians and medical equipment (Bloom et al., 2015).
iv. Hospital closure: Hospital closure happens if it seizes offering healthcare services to the community. During hospital closure, the personnel seek job opportunities elsewhere and the equipment are transferred to other hospitals leaving the structures only (SteelFisher, Martin, Dowal, & Inouye, 2013).
Relevance to Nursing Practice
Most of the hospitals that have undergone closure are located in the rural areas. Henry (2015) states the reasons for closure of hospitals in the United States (US) include, bankruptcy, poor management, changes in Medicaid and Medicare payment procedures, court decision, and failure to meet state requirements, among others. According to Henry (2015), hospital closure in the rural areas was most prevalent during the 1980s. Henry (2015) is of the view that most hospitals were closed in the 1980s because of the impacts of changes in methodologies for Medicare payment, rural outmigration, and shifting demographics. Hospital are among the leading employers of rural communities, therefore, closure of the facilities creates an economic gap and the effects may be difficult to reverse by initiating federal government projects (Countouris, Gilmore, & Yonas, 2014). Most of the states affected by hospital closure have many counties being located in the rural areas. According to Henry (2015), by 2015, at least 20 hospitals had been closed in New York since 2003. Other states affected by hospital closure include California, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Mississippi, among others. In addition, the rural areas have low populations therefore are not viable for investing, which causes low number of hospitals being established (Henry, 2015).
Closure of hospitals has not only affected the state of health of the families in the community, but also nursing practice. Hospital closure leads to nurses and other personnel losing jobs. The nurses also lose experience if they stay for long periods without practicing. The nursing profession requires the practitioners to offer services in a continuous manner to enable them gain more experience (Cagliuso, 2014). The loss of experience has led to an increment in cases related to poor delivery of services in which nurses are blamed by patients for delays and lack of concern, among others. In order to provide practice, the hospitals in the rural areas need to remain functional and new facilities established. Consequently, the nurses will get the place where they will practice the knowledge they have acquired from classwork if they get employment in the hospitals (Cagliuso, 2014).
One of the reasons for closure of the hospitals is bankruptcy due to the government reducing expenditure by minimizing expenditure on Medicaid and Medicare (Zimmermann et al., 2016). Therefore, in order to prevent closure of hospitals in the communities, some states are increasing Medicaid and Medicare funds to the hospitals (Henry, 2016). In other communities, the local organizations negotiate with the management of hospitals about charges which the population can afford. As a result, the hospitals are transitioning from cost-based reimbursement model to value-based reimbursement model in order to be financially sustainable in the rural areas (Thomas, DiClemente, & Snella, 2014).
The doctoral project is focused on assessing impacts of hospital closure, but it will first involve identification of the causes and the effects of closure of the facilities. Nursing practice requires making evidence based decisions by gathering all information related to the problem being investigated. The capstone project, is useful in advancing nursing practice because it involves identifying the causes of hospital closure in addition to assessing the impacts of the problem.
Local Background and Context
The basic function of hospitals in a community is to offer medical services to the people, however, the institutions are also a source of employment to the locals. According to Thomas et al. (2014), the hospitals are important in enhancing the economy of a place because people from other regions come for medical services, therefore, bringing in revenue in the area of location of the hospital. The hospitals are also important in causing other companies to be developed in an area because industries interdepend for various services (Thomas et al., 2014). The effects of hospital closure are many, multifaceted, and vary in extent of implication on families in the community which depended on the facility. Thus, the first practice-focused question of the capstone project is will involve identifying the impacts of hospital closure on families in the community. The second question is related to the extent which hospital closure affects the families in the community.
The institutional context in which the problem exists is the rural communities. Most literature indicate that the problem of hospital closure is prevalent among the rural communities. In addition, majority of rural families comprise of poor individuals and older adults who are in most need of medical attention. The state and federal context in which the problem exists involves leadership at the county levels because most hospitals in the rural communities are owned by the counties.
The main terms used in this doctoral project include hospital closure, systematic review, community, families, and impacts. The terms families, community, hospital, and hospital closure have been defined. Systematic review means analyzing information contained in the journal articles that are related to the topic of the capstone project (Liberati et al., 2009). The term impacts means the effects that hospital closure has on the families that depended on it.
Role of DNP Student
I am a nurse who is charged with offering care under the supervision of a physician. My objective is to be able to practice independently in offering primary care and that is the reason for my enrollment in for Doctor of Philosophy. The degree program prepares students for system leadership, quality improvement, and evidence-based practice. The capstone project which I am conducting meets the objectives of the DNP program because it is evidence based involving systematic analysis of documented research.
One of my roles in the DNP project involved suggesting the capstone’s topic to the supervisory committee. After its approval, I am now developing the capstone through stages including writing the proposal and later the actual project. The capstone which is based on systematic review will require me to search online for journal articles which will be source of information for the project.
The health needs for rural populations have not been addressed adequately as in urban centers, yet most of the facilities in the underdeveloped areas are being closed. The closure of rural hospitals has direct implications on the community, but the indirect effects may in turn contribute to the worsening of the health status of the families. I feel that intervention for the problem is needed, and that is why I am conducting an assessment on impacts of closure of hospitals on communities in order to create awareness. Leaders and stakeholders in the health sector will realize the extent of effects of hospital closure after reading my project and realize the urgency of intervening hospital closure.
While conducting the project, I may be biased by focusing on studies conducted in particular countries or by particular authors. I may also biased by avoiding studies with titles that may not pleasing to me. In order to avoid the biases, I will strictly follow the PRISMA procedure while choosing the journals to be used in developing the project.
Summary
The main subtopics in the background and context section included concepts, models, and theories, relevance to nursing practice, local background and context, and role of DNP student. The capstone project is based on conflict theory. The perspective of conflict theory is that poor people are not sufficiently provided with important resources such as hospitals. The findings from the reviewed literature are consistent with the conflict theory because hospital closure has been prevalent in the rural areas. The source of motivation for conducting the capstone project on impacts of hospital closure on families in the communities is to create awareness among healthcare stakeholders about the need for intervening the problem.
Section 3: Collection and Analysis of Evidence
Introduction
Healthcare is among the universal basic needs which everyone is entitled. Medicaid and Medicare schemes instituted by the government help in covering the costs of healthcare services for the poor, disabled, and older populations in the society. Hospitals are the main centers from which rural populations access medical services (Thomas et al., 2014). Hospitals also enhance the livelihood of rural populations by creating both direct and indirect employments from which families get income. Despite the significance of the hospitals, the facilities are undergoing closure especially in the rural communities which are in most need. According to Henry (2016), operation in most hospitals is expected to be shut if the present conditions causing closure are not intervened. The closure of hospitals in the rural communities may have more implication on the families besides health. The purpose of this capstone project is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on the communities. The purpose of the project involves identifying the impacts of hospital closure then evaluating the extent to which the communities are affected by the implication of the problem.
The project is based on the conflict theory. According to the theory, different categories of people exist in the society based on differences in resource allocation, power, and political representation, among other factors, and those who are disadvantaged get poor services. In the context of this capstone project, the rural population comprising of the poor and older people does not access quality health services. In addition, most hospitals that have been closured are located in the rural areas of Texas, California, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. States have intervened hospital closure by increasing Medicaid and Medicare funds. Also local organizations and leaders in hospitals jointly decide affordable charges for medical services which enhances sustainability of the hospitals.
The main focus of the capstone project is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on families in the communities. However, the project will also involve identification of the causes of hospital closure, the impacts and extent of the effects of problem on the families in the communities. The findings of the project will be significant in causing the leaders and stakeholders in the health sector to initiate intervention measures for hospital closure. The major sections in collection and analysis of evidence of the capstone project proposal include practice-focused questions, sources of evidence, analysis, and summary.
Practice-focused Question(s)
The rural populations mainly consist of older adults and poor people, who are vulnerable to diseases and deserve healthcare services. The rural populations rely on hospitals for medical services as well as for direct and indirect employment opportunities. Hospitals are undergoing closure in the rural areas despite the significance which the facilities have on the families in the community. The closure of hospitals directly affects the health status of families in the community. In addition, indirect effects of hospital closure such as loss of employment reduces income of families, thus their ability to pay for medical services is impacted. The gap-in-practice is that hospitals are closed in the communities, yet the families need the facilities basically for medical services among other things. The practice-focused questions for the capstone project include: 1) What implications occur on families in the community after closure of a hospital in their locality? 2) To what extent do the implications of hospital closure affect the families in the community?
The purpose of the capstone project is to assess the impact of hospital closure on the families in the community. As stated before, hospitals are depended for medical services and employment opportunities. Therefore, closure does not only affect the health of the families, but also the living standards of the people. The approach of the capstone, systematic analysis, is appropriate in addressing the practice-focused questions because various impacts of hospital closure on families can be identified from the journal articles. In addition, the extent of the impacts can be evaluated from the journal articles through systematic review.
Sources of Evidence
Data will be collected after the approval of the project. The data collection process is based on items number 10 and 18 on the PRISMA statement about data extraction and study characteristics respectively (Liberati et al., 2009). The data will be collected from a minimum set of journal articles which will be acquired through randomized trials on scholarly journal databases using search words. The capstone project will be developed using journal articles published after January 1, 2012. The focus of this project is to assess the impacts of hospital closure on families and communities, thus only journal articles that are related to the purpose of the capstone will be used. The databases which will be used include EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, and PMC and the search words will be Impacts of Hospital Closure, and on Families in the Community. The settings on the databases will be adjusted to ensure that only journal articles published after January 1, 2012 are revealed. After the articles have been identified and retrieved, the full text each article will be read in order to determine inclusion into the review and to extract the pertinent data. The articles to be included in the review will have the same objectives of this project. The extraction of pertinent data will be based on a standardized data extraction form. For instance, an extraction form that is used for purposes of reporting a literature review of studies as in this project contains items such the reference of the authors of a journal article, the study design, duration of study, the intervention, outcome measure, population, method of data analysis, and the results (Liberati et al., 2009).
A systematic review involves summarizing evidence which can be used by policy makers in making decisions. Therefore, a systematic review requires gathering of different literatures and choosing the best for use in developing evidence. According to Liberati et al. (2009), systematic reviews may not be reliable if the process involved is not optimized to ensure transparency and clarity. Therefore, this systematic review process will be guided by the checklist on the PRISMA methodology. The PRISMA methodology is an advancement of Quality of Reporting of meta-analysis (QUOROM) statement that was published in 1999. Liberati et al. (2009) state that methodological, practical, and conceptual advances related to conducting and reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses led to the evolution from QUOROM to PRISMA. Consequently, PRISMA has a checklist with 27 items which guide reporting of a systematic review. Based on the PRISMA methodology, different journal articles related to the practice-based questions will be obtained, from which different impacts of hospital closure on communities will be identified and assessed.
Data Analysis
The project is a systematic review, therefore, summary table prepared during data collection will be used in recording, tracking, organizing, and analyzing the evidence. Analysis will be done on the information about reference of the authors of a journal, the study design, duration of study, the intervention, outcome measure, population, method of data analysis, and the results to check for heterogeneity (Liberati et al., 2009). The analysis will also involve identification of factors that explain heterogeneity. Besides, analysis of biases in articles will be conducted to establish validity and reliability of the collected information. Each article will be scrutinized with the intent of identifying whether the methodology used led to the results that are found (Liberati et al., 2009). During analysis, related information summarized in the table will be assigned same codes.
Summary
The areas covered in the Collection and Analysis of Evidence section include the practice-focused questions, sources of evidence, and analysis and synthesis. The gap-in-practice which this capstone projects addresses is that hospitals in the rural areas are undergoing closure yet the purpose of the facilities is to offer healthcare services to the communities. The practice-focused questions are related to identifying the impacts of hospital closure and evaluating the extent of the effects of the problem on the community. Journal articles located in scholarly databases will be used in addressing the practice-focused questions of the capstone project. The PRISMA methodology will be utilized in sourcing for evidence and analysis. The PRISMA methodology is widely accepted by scholars in systematic reviews.

References
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