Prepare a philosophy Review paper

Prepare a philosophy Review paper

The Thinker’s Guide to Analytic Thinking

Why is analytic thinking important, according to Linda Elder and Richard Paul?

What is reasoning?

What does it mean to reason well, according to Linda Elder and Richard Paul?

What are the eight, universal elements of thinking, according to Linda Elder and Richard Paul?

What are the nine basic intellectual standards for thinking, according to Linda Elder and Richard Paul?

How is the purpose of thinking distinguished from and related to the question of thinking?

How are inferences, concepts, and information related in the activity of thinking?

What intellectual standards could be used to evaluate assumptions embedded in thinking?

What intellectual standards could be used to evaluate the implications of thinking?

What intellectual standards could be used to evaluate evidence used to support the inferences in thinking?

Friedrich Nietzsche’s “Schopenhauer as Educator”

What question was Nietzsche attempting to answer in the first section of “Schopenhauer as Educator”?

Does Nietzsche think we can know ourselves? If so, what is the process for coming to know ourselves?

What concept does Nietzsche employ in the process of finding oneself?

What assumptions does Nietzsche make about human nature in this essay?

What are the implications of Nietzsche’s view of the self?

Who or what are the “true educators” for Nietzsche in this essay?

What is the goal of finding oneself?

Philippa Foot’s “Killing and Letting Die”

What question was Philippa Foot trying to answer in her essay “Killing and Letting Die,” and how did she answer the question?

What concepts or distinctions did Foot make to respond to the Trolley Problem?

What assumptions did Foot make about moral values in her argument?

What are the implications of Foot’s response to the Trolley Problem?

Plato’s Euthyphro

What is the central question that Socrates asked Euthyphro in Plato’s Euthyphro, and what were Euthyphro’s four responses?

What is Socrates seeking to discover in his questioning of Euthyphro?

What is Euthyphro’s point of view, and what assumptions does he make in his claims about piety?

Are religious beliefs sufficient grounds for making moral judgments? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer?

Plato’s Republic

What are the four definitions of justice put forward by Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, and Socrates in Book I?

How does Socrates define injustice?

What is the principle of the division of labor?

What are the three kinds of good that Glaucon identifies in Book II, and where does Socrates place justice?

What are the qualities of a good guardian?

What are the four virtues of the city and soul, how are they related to the parts of the city and soul, and how do they function in each?

What are the three parts of the city, the three parts of the soul, and how are they related?

What is the central question of Plato’s Republic?

What does Socrates ultimately mean when he says in Book V that philosophers must rule as kings, or kings as philosophers, if peace and harmony are to be achieved?

Why is Socrates not concerned about whether the guardians are happy or not?

What is the role of education in the Republic?

What are the three waves that Socrates must face in Book V?

What is the difference between knowledge, opinion, and ignorance?

What are the qualities of the philosophic nature?

How is the image of the Sun, described in Book VI, related to the Good, and what do each of them make possible?

Diagram the Divided Line with its two major sections, each of its subsections, and what they contain.

Who does Socrates say the prisoners in the cave are like, and what does this indicate about the allegory of the cave?

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics

What is the highest good, and how is it related to politics? (I.2, 4)

What are the three ways of life according to Aristotle, and which one does he designate as the best life? (I.5; X.7-8)

What is Aristotle’s definition of happiness? (I.7-8)

What role does pleasure play in the living a virtuous life? (I.8, X.1-5)

What are the two major divisions of the soul, and how are they sub-divided, according to Aristotle, and what are these subdivisions concerned with? (I.13; VI.1)

What are the two types of virtue, and how do they come about? (II.1)

What is “the mean,” and how does one achieve it? (II.6)

What is the difference between habit, character, activities, stable character, virtue, and happiness, and how are they related to one another? (II.1-2)

Describe the qualities of the “high-minded man”? (IV.3).

What are the five powers of the soul for disclosing truth, according to Aristotle, and with what are each concerned? (VI.3-8)

What role does law play in the virtuous life, and what does this suggest about the relationship between the city and the soul? (X.9)

What is the connection between pleasure and virtue, according to Aristotle? (X.1)

Aquinas’s Summa Theologica
1. Is God’s existence self-evident, according to Aquinas?

2. What are the Five Ways that God’s existence can be demonstrated, according to Aquinas?

3. What are the two types of happiness that all humans seek, according to Aquinas, which is the highest, and how are they achieved?

4. What is law for Aquinas, and how is related to reason?

5. What is the criteria for determining whether a law is just or unjust, according to Aquinas, and how does he describe unjust laws?

6. What are the first principles and precepts of speculative and practical reason?

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