Review Paper|Architecture and Design

Review Paper|Architecture and Design

Details review paper about (City Prosperity) = 5 pages from the attachment files. Also if you have other sources that could support the paper

and Briefly intro about (Development Sustainability)= 2 pages from this website http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/

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APA Citation

The high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda was held from 25 to 27 September 2015, in New York, during the United Nations summit. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. All countries and stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will imple- ment this plan. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets, which are integrated and indivisible, demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda, which balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental.

1 Agenda 5 Main Areas 17 Goals 169 Targets 193 Countries

PEOPLE PLANET PROSPERITY PEACE PARTNERSHIP

The new Goals and targets will come into effect on 1 Janua- ry 2016, and will guide the decisions we take over the next fifteen years. All countries will work to implement the Agenda at the regional and global levels, taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development, including national policies and priorities. Governments also acknowledge the importance of the regional and sub-regional dimensions, regional economic integration and interconnectivity in sustainable development. Regional and sub-regional frameworks can facilitate the effective translation of sustainable development policies into concrete action at the national level.

The Sustainable Development Goals

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well- being for all at all ages

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

6. Ensure availability and sustainable mana- gement of water and sanitation for all

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustaina- ble economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustai- nable development

15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

GOAL 11 – Targets

create jobs and prosperity while not straining land and resources. The challenges cities face can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty.

Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social development and much more. At their best, cities have enabled people to advance socially and econo- mically. However, many challenges exist to maintaining cities in a way that continues to

Lisbon, Portugal © Giulia Lavagna

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabili- ties and older persons

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and mana- gement in all countries

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrea- se the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

Goal 11 – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Amsterdam, Netherlands © Giulia Lavagna

11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning

11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adapta- tion to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

Data to not leave anyone behind – SDGs Monitorning needs

The General Assembly recognized that baseline data for several of the targets remain unavailable, and called for increased support towards strengthening data collection and capacity building for Member States, to develop natio- nal and global baselines where they are non-existent. They committed to addressing this gap in data collection so as to better inform the measurement of progress, particularly for unclear numerical targets.

A set of global indicators is being developed to assist the follow up and review required by Governments. Quality, accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data will be needed to help with the measurement of progress and to ensure that no one is left behind. Such data is key to decision-making. Data and information from existing repor- ting mechanisms should be used where possible.

DATA REVOLUTION is the opportunity to improve data that is essential for decision-making, accountability and solving development challenges. Governments and the UN are called to enable data towards playing its full role in the realization of sustainable development, by closing key gaps in access and use of data: between developed and developing countries and between private and public sectors.

The data revolution for sustainable development is:

– the integration of new sources of data – such as quali- tative data, citizen-generated data and perceptions data – with traditional data to produce high-quality information that is more detailed, timely and relevant to foster and monitor sustainable development;

– the increase in the usefulness of data through a much greater degree of openness and transparency and minimi- zing inequality in production, access to and use of data;

– more empowered people, better policies, better decisions and greater participation and accountability, leading to better outcomes for people and the planet. (1) (1) IEAG, A World that Counts Mobilising the Data Revolution for sustainable Development, November 2014

The data revolution for sustainable urban deve- lopment is:

– data are essential for cities to take correct decisions on the best policies to adopt and the means used to track chan- ges and systematically document performance at the outco- me level. Sustainable urban development is a precondition to sustainable development;

– cities require monitoring systems with clear indicators, baseline data, targets and goals to support a city vision and a long-term plan for sustainable development;

– a global monitoring mechanism, that is adaptable to the national and local levels; one that provides a general framework and allow cities to measure progress.

LOCALIZING the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is understood as the role that regional and local governments, such as states/regions/provinces, metropolitan areas and local authorities, play in the monitoring and implementation of the new set of sustainable goals.

Monitoring

The monitoring progress on the goals at sub-national level would allow better assessment of inequalities within countries, which could include, for example, urban/rural and regional breakdowns, and where possible, disaggrega- tion for local authorities and marginal areas, such as slums. Targets will also be set in a way that makes it easier to track different types of inequalities, including spatial ones. (2)

Besides monitoring development outcomes, the global framework proposed for Goal 11 must have a multi-sectoral rationale that is capable of integrating several sectors of sustainable urban development. It should cater for the reinforcement of links of targets, players and sectors. (3)

(2) ODI, ‘Localising’ the Post-2015 agenda: What does it mean in practice?, January 2015

Main Challenges:

– comparability and standardization are crucial, as they allow data from different sources or time periods to be combined. Too much data is still produced using different standards, for example, there is no standard definition of an “urban” area. Additionally too little data are available at a level of disaggregation that is appropriate to policy makers trying to make decisions about local-level allocation or monitoring equitable outcomes across regions. (1)

– data constraints are more pronounced at the local level than at the national level. This has obvious resource and capacity implications in terms of data collection. In fact, it will require strengthening national statistical offices’ capaci- ty and administrative systems. (1) (3) Elard Integrated and Multisectoral approach, http://www.elard.eu/en_GB/integrated-multi- sectoral- approach

La Paz, Bolivia © Giulia Lavagna

The City Prosperity Initiative – a tool to measure sustainable urban development

UN-Habitat’s City Prosperity Initiative is both a metric and a policy dialogue, which offers cities from developed and developing countries the possibility to create indicators and baseline information. It also serves to define targets and goals that can support the formulation of evidence-based policies, including the definition of city-visions and long- term plans that are both ambitious and measurable. The City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) not only provides indices and measurements relevant to cities, it also enables city authorities, as well as local and national stakeholders, to identify opportunities and potential areas of intervention for their cities to become more prosperous. We live in a world that requires choosing the best and most sustainable options. The CPI can play a vital role in the process of informed decision-making.

Growing and ever more complex cities and their inha- bitants no longer have the option of making decisions without the benefit of international validated data and indices.

1. A FLEXIBLE MONITORING FRAMEWORK

The CPI takes into account the contextual needs and particularities of cities. Although it promotes a new urbani- zation model that is universal (cities that are compact, resilient, socially diverse, energy efficient and economically sustainable), it recognizes the need to be adaptable to different city and country circumstances, according to diver- se urbanization challenges and opportunities.

2. A FRAMEWORK THAT PROMOTES INTEGRATION

The CPI promotes integration in the implementation of a more sustainable urbanization model, in order to address the environmental, social and economic objectives of sustai- nability. This integration looks at the mutually reinforcing aspects of the different components of the urbanization process.

3. AN INNOVATIVE TOOL BASED ON SPATIAL ANALYSIS

The CPI structure provides a wealth of new analytical tools based on spatial indicators. New indicators such as street connectivity, public space, agglomeration economies provi- de clear spatial distributions that help increase value judgment and support decision-making.

4. A MULTI-SCALE DECISION-MAKING TOOL

The CPI objective is to support decision- making for multi- scale levels of government ranging from national urban policies to regional and metropolitan strategies; and city-wide interventions to sub-city districts or neighborho- ods. The CPI gives decision-makers the ability to make adequate and evidence-based decisions from a territorial perspective, thus articulating different tiers of government and sectoral interventions in urban areas.

Main Functions

NATIONAL. The CPI supports the development and imple- mentation of integrated national urban policies. Decision- makers are provided with the knowledge to make oppor- tune decisions about their cities small, medium or large – as part of a national system of cities. This helps to amalga- mate the dispersed energy and potential of urban centers, establishing a synergetic connection between urbaniza- tion and national development. This is the case with Mexi- can, Colombian and Saudi Arabia programs.

CITY. The CPI produces information at city level, and when data allows, at sub-city level. This information is critical to support local decision-making in key priority areas of development, such as the strengthening of urban legislation and systems of governance, harnessing the urban economy and enhancing urban planning.

METROPOLITAN. The CPI provides information at the regional and metropolitan levels building linkages between municipal governments, articulating responses that contem- plate city regional development and better integration of sectors. The Metropolitan CPI can detect which municipali- ties or districts are more advanced in the prosperity path, proposing solutions for a more harmonious urban development. The metropolitan area of Guadalajara is a good example.

More than 300 cities around the world

America Buenos Aires Ciudad Obregon Fortaleza Guadalajara Guayaquil Guatemala City Lima Medellin Mexico City Montreal New York Panama City Quito Sao Paulo Toronto

Africa Accra Addis Abeba Cape Town Dar es Salaam Harare Kampala Lagos Lusaka Mekelle Nairobi

Asia and Oceania Abha Almaty Bangkok Hong Kong Jakarta Kathmandu Makkah Manila Melbourne Osaka Sydney Tokyo Yerevan Ulaanbaatar

Europe Amsterdam-Utrecht Athens Barcelona Berlin Brusels Budapest Copenhagen Dublin Helsinki Lisbon London Madrid Manchester Milan Oslo Paris Prague Stockholm Vienna Warsaw Zurich

Cuzco, Perù © Giulia Lavagna

The City Prosperity Initiative – a Global Monitoring Framework for Goal 11 and the SGDs

A comparative analysis of the proposed targets for Goal 11 against the City Prosperity Index shows very high conver- gence among the possible indicators. In general terms, it is clear that all of the targets of Goal 11 can be covered by the CPI framework and indicators. The CPI, as a local monitoring tool (and composite index), can be used to identify, quantify, evaluate, monitor and report on progress made by cities and countries on Goal 11. Undoubtedly, the adoption of the CPI framework and indicators represents an added value, with several advanta- ges. UN-Habitat and development partners are convinced that Goal 11 cannot be achieved in isolation, nor can the Goals of the SDGs. In this sense, while the CPI is proposed as a monitoring tool for Goal 11, several other Goals can be localized and monitored at city level. The CPI provides the framework of analysis of the interrela- tions of Goal 11 and strategic targets across the SDGs that have an urban dimension.

CPI FRAMEWORK ADDED VALUE – Propose a systemic approach of the city. The CPI offers a holistic view of sustainable urban development. It allows establishing and understanding interrelations between different dimensions of city development.

– Provide a single composite value. As a composite Index, the CPI enables the understanding of the state of development of cities in a more integrated manner. This helps local and national governments to visualize how inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements are.

– Establish global benchmarks. The CPI methodology has established global benchmarks for each one of the indica- tors, with sound standardization methods that enable comparisons among different indicators.

– Create baseline data and information. Cities already implementing the CPI have been able to create baseline data, propose local commitments for improvement and monitor progress overtime.

– Provide a global platform for comparability. The CPI offers a platform for comparability among cities, as well as within different countries. This is achieved through the use of various indicators that are homologated and grouped by thematic targets.

– Identify priorities of sustainable urban development. The CPI allows the disaggregation of the different compo- nents of sustainable development in such a manner that it is possible to identify progress and deficits. By isolating key development issues hindering success, it is possible to adopt appropriate policies and corrective measures.

– Provide evidence-based for policy-making and accountability. The CPI is not only a metric, it is also a policy dialogue that supports the formulation of more informed policies.

– Create local/national monitoring systems. The CPI offers the possibility for local and national governments to establish their own monitoring mechanisms, empowering them to monitor and report in a systematic manner.

Conceptualizing Prosperity

Productivity A prosperous city contributes to economic growth and development, generating income, employment and equal opportuni- ties that further provide adequate living standards for the entire population.

Equity and Social Inclusion A city is only prosperous to the extent that poverty and inequalities are minimal. No city can claim to be prosperous when large segments of the population live in abject poverty and deprivation. This involves reducing the incidence of slums and new forms of poverty and marginalization.

Infrastructure A prosperous city deploys the infrastructure, physical assets and amenities – adequate water, sanitation, power supply, road network, information and communications technology, etc. – required to sustain both the population and the economy, and provi- de better quality of life.

Quality of life Prosperous cities provide amenities such as social services, education, health, recreation, safety and security required for improved living standards, enabling the population to maximize individual potential and to lead fulfilling lives.

Environmental Sustainability The growth of cities and their economic development do not destroy or degrade the environment; instead, the city’s natural assets are preserved for the sake of sustainable urbanization. Well-planned cities promote environmental sustainability.

Governance and Legislation Cities are best able to combine sustainability and shared prosperity through effective urban governance and transformational leadership, deploying appropriate and effec- tive policies, laws and regulations, and creating adequate institutional frameworks with strong local institutions and sound institutional arrangements.

Lima, Peru © Giulia Lavagna

GOAL 11 and The City Prosperity Initiative

11.1 Adequate, safe and affordable housing

11.2 Accessible and sustainable transport systems for all

11.3 Inclusive and sustainable urbanization

11.4 Safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.5 Reduce the number of people affected by disasters

11.6 Reduce the environmental impact of cities

11.7 Provide universal access to safe public spaces

11.a Support links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas

11.b Increase integrated policies and plans towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change

11.c Building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

1. Economic Strength

2. Employment

3. Economic Agglomeration

4. Housing Infrastructure

5. ICT

6. Urban Mobility

7. Public Space

8. Safety and Security

9. Land Use

10. Economic Equity

11. Social Inclusion

12. Gender Inclusion

13. Air Quality

14. Waste Management

15. Energy

16. Institutional Capacity

17. Municipal Finance

18.Governance of Urbanization

CPI SUB-DIMENSIONSGOAL 11 TARGETS

SDG WITH URBAN BASED TARGETSCPI DIMENSIONS

GOVERNANCE AND LEGISLATION

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

QUALITY OF LIFE

INFRASTRUCTURE

PRODUCTIVITY

The SDGs and The City Prosperity Initiative

8.1.1 City product per capita 8.2.1 Growth rate per employment 8.3.1 Informal employment 8.5.2 Unemployment rate 9.2.1 Manifacturing employment

3.6.1 Traffic fatalities 6.1.1 Access to improved water 6.2.1 Access to improved sanitation 7.1.1 Access to electricity 9.c.1 Mobile network coverage 17.8.1 Internet access

15.1.2 Forest (green areas) as a percentage of total land area 16.1.1 Homicide rate 16.1.3 Population subjected to violence

1.1.1 Poverty rate 5.5.1 Women in local government 8.5.1 Gender wage gap 8.6.1 Youth unemployment 10.1.1 Growth rate 40%

3.9.1 Population exposed to outdoor air pollution 6.3.1 Waste water treatment 7.2.1 Share of renewable energy 12.5.1 Solid waste recycling share

9.a.1 Investement capacity 16.6.1 Local expenditure efficiency 17.17.1 Public-private partenrship

The City Prosperity Initiative – a Global Monitoring Framework for Goal 11 and the SGDs

– Productivity. This is the only dimension that is not comprehended in the SDG 11, but it has specific indicators in the CPI that includes SDG 8 (Economic growth), SDG 9 (Infrastructure, industrialization and innovation);

– Infrastructure. The revised version of the CPI includes SDG 11 (11.2 Accessible and sustainable transport systems for all), SDG 3 (Healthy lives and well-being) SDG 6 (Water and sanitation), SDG 7 (Modern energy), SDG 9 (Infrastructure, industrialization and innovation) and SDG 17 (Global partnership);

– Quality of life. The revised version of the CPI includes SDG 11 (11.3 Inclusive and sustainable urbanization, 11.5 Reduce the number of people affected by disasters, 11.7 Provide universal access to safe public spaces), SDG 15 (Terrestrial ecosystems) and SDG 16 (Peaceful and inclusive societies);

Lisbon, Portugal © Giulia Lavagna

All 10 targets and indicators of SDG Goal 11 are integrated in the CPI;

23% of all SDGs targets that can be measured at the local level are covered by the CPI;

The City Prosperity Index can therefore be used to identify, quantify, evaluate, monitor and report on progress made by cities on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

– Equity and Social Inclusion. The revised version of the CPI includes SDG 11 (11.1 Adequate, safe and affordable housing), SDG 1 (End poverty), SDG 5 (Gender equality), SDG 8 (Economic growth), and SDG 10 (Reduce inequality);

– Environmental Sustainability. The revised version of the CPI includes SDG 11 (11.6 Reduce the environmental impact of cities), SDG 3 (Healthy lives and well-being), SDG 6 (Water and sanitation), SDG 7 (Modern energy) and SDG 12 (Sustainable consumption and production);

– Governance and Legislation. The revised version of the CPI includes SDG 11 (11.4 Safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage, 11.a Support links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas, 11.b Increase integrated policies and plans towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change, 11.c Building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials), SDG 9 (Infrastructure, industrializa- tion and innovation), SDG 16 (Peaceful and inclusive socie- ties) and SDG 17 (Global partnership);

SDGs and the Dimensions of Prosperity

Conclusions

The City prosperity Initiative United Nations Human Settlements Programme

Info: Regina Orvañanos, regina.orvananos@unhabitat.org

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